Domain of Physiology. 241 



be wished that this word were generally adopted in our speech, 

 since the name of physician is now given to empirics who, 

 whatever their claims to be curers, mediciners, or medicasters, 

 have no right to be called physicians. The antagonism between 

 the two schools is numerously shown in the old French quatrain 

 cited in the note to § 10. 



Paet II. — Philosophical. 



15. The term Physics and Physical. 16. Carpenter and Tyndall. 17. Thom- 

 son and Tait; Clifford; Dynamics and Dynamicist. 18. Chemism, 

 theory of chemical changes. 19. The Chemical process defined. 

 20. The Unity of Force ; universal Animation. 21. Organized Matter ; 

 Biotics. 22. Physiography and Physiology. 23. The Activity of 

 Protoplasm. 24. Graham and Herbert Spencer on Colloids. 25. Bar- 

 ker on Vital Phenomena. 26. Biophysiology ; scope of General 

 Physiology. 27. Physiography ; Huxley ; Humboldt's Cosmos. 

 28. Physiophilosophy of Oken; Stallo. 29. Oken's system defined. 

 80. Physiographical and Physiological Botany. 31. Physiographical 

 Mineralogy. 32. Structural Mineralogy and Mineral Physiology. 

 Appendix: Newton. 



§ 15. Having in the first part of this essay considered the 

 words physic, physiology, and physician etymologically and 

 historically, we proceed to notice them in their application by 

 modern writers. We have already seen that the term phy- 

 sical science is often restricted to those phenomena which are 

 common to organized and unorganized matter (§ 2). The 

 study of these is now generally designated in didactic lan- 

 guage as physics, or in French physique — the votary of such 

 studies being called in English a physicist, and in French a 

 physicien. 



Physical, as an adjective, however, is used in a wider sense 

 than the above when applied to organized beings. It then 

 designates their organism and all pertaining thereto, as in the 

 expression the physical life of man, or in the common tauto- 

 logical phrase " man's physical nature." 



§ 16. While the word physic, or rather physics, is in 

 modern English generally limited to the study of the pheno- 

 mena of the inorganic w r orld, the once synonymous term phy- 

 siology has come to mean, both in English and in French, 

 the study of the organic functions of plants and animals (and, 

 by an extension of the term, that of the functions of the human 

 mind), which are designated as physiological in contradistinc- 

 tion to the so-called physical phenomena of inorganic nature. 

 Examples of these limitations respectively of the words physic 

 and physiology and their derivatives are familiar to every 

 reader. Thus, William B. Carpenter constantly distinguishes 

 between physical, chemical, and vital forces, the considera- 



