﻿78 
  

  

  Mr. 
  Grervaise 
  Le 
  Bas 
  on 
  

  

  the 
  latter 
  are 
  usually 
  considered 
  to 
  consist 
  of 
  straight 
  chains, 
  

   the 
  former 
  are 
  distinguished 
  by 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  complex 
  nuclei, 
  

   the 
  constituent 
  atoms 
  of 
  which 
  are 
  supposed 
  to 
  possess 
  a 
  

   cyclic 
  arrangement. 
  

  

  Before 
  an 
  attempt 
  is 
  made 
  to 
  work 
  out 
  the 
  volume 
  rela- 
  

   tions 
  of 
  the 
  atoms 
  in 
  the 
  nucleus, 
  it 
  will 
  be 
  necessary 
  to 
  

   consider 
  the 
  side 
  chains, 
  particularly 
  those 
  consisting 
  of 
  

   aliphatic 
  hydrocarbon 
  residues. 
  It 
  might 
  be 
  anticipated 
  

   from 
  their 
  character 
  that 
  they 
  should 
  possess 
  volumes 
  com- 
  

   parable 
  with 
  those 
  of 
  equivalent 
  residues 
  in 
  the 
  hydrocarbons. 
  

   This 
  is 
  indeed 
  shown 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  case 
  from 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  addi- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  homologous 
  increment 
  CH 
  2 
  causes 
  an 
  increase 
  of 
  

   22 
  units 
  at 
  the 
  boiling-point 
  — 
  a 
  number 
  similar 
  to 
  that 
  which 
  

   has 
  been 
  found 
  from 
  an 
  examination 
  of 
  the 
  molecular 
  volumes 
  

   of 
  the 
  paraffin 
  hydrocarbons 
  under 
  similar 
  circumstances. 
  

  

  The 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  nucleus 
  and 
  the 
  side 
  chains 
  have 
  little 
  

   reciprocal 
  influence 
  ether 
  than 
  that 
  which 
  might 
  be 
  attributed 
  

   to 
  the 
  two 
  parts 
  of 
  an 
  aliphatic 
  hydrocarbon 
  on 
  each 
  other, 
  

   is 
  strikingly 
  shown 
  by 
  subtracting 
  the 
  volumes 
  of 
  the 
  com- 
  

   plexes 
  wCH 
  2 
  from 
  the 
  volumes 
  of 
  each 
  benzene, 
  and 
  so 
  

   obtaining 
  the 
  volume 
  of 
  the 
  nucleus. 
  In 
  all 
  cases 
  the 
  volume 
  

   of 
  the 
  free 
  nucleus, 
  as 
  found 
  by 
  experiment, 
  is 
  reproduced 
  

   by 
  making 
  the 
  subtraction 
  already 
  referred 
  to. 
  

  

  The 
  experimental 
  study 
  of 
  the 
  benzene 
  derivatives 
  is 
  

   largely 
  due 
  to 
  Schiff 
  and 
  also 
  to 
  Lossen 
  and 
  Zander. 
  

  

  Table 
  XV. 
  

  

  The 
  Volumes 
  of 
  the 
  Nucleus 
  and 
  the 
  Side 
  Chains 
  in 
  

  

  Monocytic 
  Compounds. 
  

  

  1 
  

  

  Hydrocarbon. 
  V. 
  

  

  a. 
  

  

  Calculated 
  Volume 
  

   of 
  the 
  Nucleus. 
  

  

  Benzene, 
  C 
  8 
  H 
  8 
  

  

  Toluene, 
  0-H 
  K 
  

  

  96 
  

   118-3 
  

   140-3 
  

   162-8 
  

   184-9 
  

  

  22-3 
  

   22 
  

   22-5 
  

   22- 
  1 
  

   22"2 
  

  

  22*2 
  

   225 
  

  

  [96] 
  

  

  961 
  

  

  959 
  

  

  96-2 
  

  

  96- 
  1 
  

  

  96-07 
  

  

  [89 
  3] 
  

   89-3 
  

   [141-8] 
  

  

  L42-] 
  

  

  Xvlene, 
  C 
  H 
  10 
  

  

  Mesitylene, 
  C„H 
  12 
  

  

  Cymene, 
  ( 
  ! 
  , 
  , 
  1 
  1 
  ■ 
  ( 
  

  

  Mean 
  

  

  Pyridine, 
  C 
  5 
  H 
  S 
  N 
  ... 
  

   r> 
  I'noline, 
  <',;H 
  7 
  N 
  ••■ 
  

   EEexahydroxylene, 
  <' 
  7 
  "n 
  

   Hexahydroxylene, 
  C„H 
  lfl 
  ... 
  

  

  893 
  

  

  in 
  ;> 
  

  

  141-8 
  

   164-3 
  

  

  The 
  conclusion 
  to 
  be 
  drawn 
  Eroin 
  the 
  above 
  figures 
  is 
  that 
  

   the 
  side 
  chains 
  occupy 
  .similar 
  volumes 
  to 
  those 
  of 
  equivalent 
  

   paraffin 
  hydrocarbon 
  residues, 
  and 
  thai 
  the 
  volume 
  of 
  the 
  

  

  