900 Geological Society : — 



of Black Combe (1969 feet) being over-ridden by ice which was 

 comparatively clean. 



The Lake District ice travelled from the Bronghton Valley, the 

 Duddon Valley and high ground to the west, and from Eskdale. 

 Near the coast-line the overmastering pressure of the Irish Sea 

 glacier diverted the seaward flow of the Lake District ice to the 

 south or south-east. 



The deposits of the Lake District ice are briefly described, and 

 a more detailed description is given of the deposits of the Irish- 

 Sea ice which are exposed in the sea- cliffs of the coastal plain. 

 The distribution of Scottish boulders is also discussed. 



In the Lower Boulder Clay of the westward mountain-slopes (the 

 ground-moraine of combined Lake District and Irish Sea ice) there 

 is evidence both of the interweaving of drifts of distant and strictly 

 local origin, and of a certain amount of movement of ice inland. 



Phenomena which occurred during the withdrawal of the ice 

 are next described under the following heads : — 



(1) Moraines and trails of boulders. 



(2) Marginal channels and associated sands and 

 gravels. — The trend of these channels is, in the best examples, 

 parallel to the coast and nearly at right angles to the present 

 drainage-lines. In some cases the channels were carriers of the 

 ordinary marginal drainage of the ice-sheet, in other cases they 

 were cut by overflow waters from impounded lakelets. Before the 

 cutting of the channels between Eskdale and Bootle the ice over- 

 rode a series of sands and gravels formed, chiefly as a marginal 

 outwash-fan, at a slightly earlier date. 



(3) Sand and gravel of the plain. — These deposits are con- 

 sidered to have been accumulated after the formation of the channels 

 near Bootle, the material being in the main deposited in embay- 

 ments of the margin of the Irish Sea ice. 



(4) The Whicham Valley and Duddon Estuary Lakes. — 

 Sand and gravel was also accumulated at the extremities of ice- 

 lobes which were thrust into the mouths of valleys, so that the 

 normal drainage of these valleys was obstructed. The ice-dammed 

 Whicham Valley Lake is described in detail : it drained at first 

 into the Duddon Estuary by the Gill Scar channel, but afterwards 

 through the obstructing barrier — reversing the flow of water. 



The Upper Boulder Clay is then briefly discussed, and some 

 account is given of late corrie-glaciation. 



In conclusion, certain hanging valleys are shown to be due to 

 the oversteepening of hill-slopes, or overdeepening of main valleys 

 during the maximum glaciation. 



2. ' The Older Palaeozoic Succession of the Duddon Estuary.' 

 By John Frederick Norman Green, B.A., F.G.S. 



The Lower Palaeozoic geology of the estuary of the Duddon, 

 which separates Cumberland and Lancashire, has been little studied, 

 but is of especial interest, because the (?) Skiddaw Slate, Volcanic 

 Series, and Coniston Limestone Series are in proximity along an 



