Dr. R. Konig on Manometric Flames. 9 



pipes, the upper notes which are contained in the sound of a 

 lower note have so high a place in the scale for a high note 

 that they produce no effect, either on the ear or on an artificial 

 membrane. 



The lowest note of the violin, for example, is g (192 vibrations), 



and its 8th harmonic g (1536 vibrations) is within the range 

 of the instrument. It is produced on the G-string by a length of 

 4, and on the E-string by about 13 £ centimetres. Nevertheless, 



if we take this very g as fundamental tone, the length of 

 string of its eighth harmonic on the E-string would be about 

 17 millimetres; and besides, with 12,288 vibrations, it would 

 be already nearly two octaves above the highest notes used in 

 music, which sufficiently explains why it is not heard in the 



sound of g. 



My success was but partial in the representation of violin 

 sounds, owing to the high position of the notes of the instru- 

 ment, since, with the exception of the notes from g to c on the 

 G-string, I obtained only the fundamental vibrations for all the 

 rest. In my endeavours to conduct the notes as loud as possible 

 to the membrane I tried two methods. First, I connected the 

 interior air of the violin with the small apparatus, by means of an 

 india-rubber tube which I introduced into one of the /-shaped 

 apertures of the violin ; and secondly, I pressed my stethoscope 

 with its concave membrane on the bottom -piece of the violin, 

 precisely under the sounding-post, and attached the india-rubber 

 tube to the flame-apparatus. The results in the latter case were 

 as follows. 



On the G-string g showed the figure of the octave in weak 

 wave-formed flames, which, as far as b, rose to sharply defined 

 clearly cut flames. With c the latter fell quite suddenly into one 

 single broad, short, and faint flame, in which I could perceive 

 only the smallest trace of the octave when played forcibly. 

 Already the D-string only showed simple flame series, which 

 for d e f g were rounded, wave-like, and weak, but on play- 

 ing a became again stronger. The a- on the A-string gave very 

 high and deeply cut flames, b still stronger ones, which fell, 



however, at c and became quite weak. Up to g and a on 

 the E-string every trace was lost of the small flame-points 

 which had appeared at the last overtones. 



On the connexion of the interior air with the apparatus, the 

 insensibly graduated picture of the octave from g changed into 

 a single sharply defined flame at b ; this attained such an extra- 



