234 Geological Society. 



scribed in this paper lies between the Lake-district on the north and 

 the plains of South Lancashire and Cheshire on the south, and extends 

 from the great watershed of England to the Irish Sea. 



On the west is a sea-side plain rising to levels of less than 200 

 feet. On the north-east is a portion of the PeDnine chain, com- 

 prising Ingleborough, Permigent, and other Fells, rising to heights 

 of from 2000 to 2400 feet. Between these, from south to north, 

 we pass over: — 1, a range of moorlands from 1000 to 1500 feet high, 

 called the Bossendale Anticlinal, which forms the watershed be- 

 tween the basins of the Mersey and the Bibble ; 2, the valley of the 

 Burnley and Blackburn Coal-field, which drains north through gorges 

 in (3) the Pendle chain of hills into (4) the broad valley of the 

 Bibble ; 5, a group of Pells rising to a general level of 1800 feet, 

 between the valleys of the Bibble and the Lune, called, for the pur- 

 poses of this paper, " The Central Fells ;" 6, north of this the valley 

 of the Lune and the estuary of the Kent. The main direction of all 

 these features, between the sea-side plain and the Pennine chain, 

 is from north-east to south-west. 



The paper was illustrated by a map of the district on the scale of 

 1 inch to a mile, coloured to represent elevations, the level- contours 

 having been reduced from the 6-inch scale. Upon this all the ice- 

 scratches found on the solid rocks were inserted. A diagram illus- 

 trating the proportional number of scratches in different directions 

 showed that 20 per cent, of them were due south, although the 

 general direction of the valleys was to the south-west. 



An instance was mentioned of a ridge 1400 feet in height, 

 which had scratches at the top running directly across it to the 

 south, although no land of equal height occurred north of it within 

 a distance of 7 miles. A similar instance was shown to exist on the 

 ridge north-east of Pendle Hill. A roche moutonnee in the gorge of 

 the Calder at Whalley was shown to have been formed by ice work- 

 ing from the north, although the river drains from the south. Other 

 systems of scratches were mentioned in detail. All these tended to 

 show that, though the general slope and drainage of the district is 

 to the south-west, the movement of the ice at the period of maximum 

 cold was to the S. or S.S.E., or nearly parallel to the watershed. 



The author goes on to describe certain disturbances at the 

 surface of the rocks which dip at high angles to the south, they 

 having been overturned by some force coming from the north. 

 Such surface-disturbances are not found on rocks dipping to the 

 north ; and this fact may be explained by an illustration : in one 

 ease the brushing was with the nap, in the other against it. It was 

 shown that these phenomena could not be attributed to any other 

 agent but a great ice-sheet pushing on from its northern gathering- 

 grounds, recruited by the greater elevations on its course, but 

 overriding the lesser, grinding down and smoothing by its friction 

 rocks presenting but a gentle incline, tearing up and turning over 

 the basset edges confronting its approach. 



The author next described the arrangement of the Till as to 

 colour and material, and endeavoured to show that all the facts 



