182 Dr. Carnelley on the Influence of Atomic Arrangement 



Table (continued). 



tejsx ■— * 



Amide. Ba salt. 



Pb salt, 



f 1 3 108 

 tToluene sulphonic J ,'_, -.oc 

 acids, C 6 H 4 .CH 3 .S0 3 H j{;* J* 



1 1 



2 2 



3 3 



3 J e 



Isostilbene, CH = C(C fi H s ), .. Liquid. 

 Stilbene, C 6 H 5 .Ca= CH.C 6 H S 120 



I In alcohol. 



Ditolyl, f 1.2; 1.4 Liquid. 

 CH 3 .C 6 H 4 .C 6 H 4 .CH 3 1 1.4; 1.4 121 



I In alcohol. 

 ^ J 



f(«-/3-) 75 



Dinaphthyl \ («-«-) 1.54 



L03-/3-) 187 



2 I In alcohol. 



3 J 



Phenanthrene 100 



Anthracene 213 



o I In alcohol. 



Dinitrophenyl ... [^ lA £% 



L In alcohol. 



III. Influence of Atomic arrangement on the Heats of 

 Formation and Combustion. 



We may compare the union of two or more atoms in the 

 formation of a compound to the falling of a stone to the earth. 

 The further the stone falls, the greater the amount of heat 

 evolved on its being suddenly stopped; and the nearer the 

 stone gets to the centre of the earth, the greater the attraction 

 between the stone and the earth, and therefore the greater the 

 force required to raise the stone — i. e. to separate it from the 

 earth. In an analogous manner, the greater the heat produced 

 in the formation of a compound from its elements, the greater 

 its stability, and the greater therefore the force required to 

 separate the atoms. 



Again, if a stone falls halfway towards the earth's centre 

 and afterwards falls the remaining half, then the heat given 

 out, at the second half of its journey would be less than in the 



t The solubilities of the amides, Ba salts, aud Pb salts of the three 

 toluene-sulphonic acids obey the rule as regards the melting-point of the 

 amides, the 1.4 amide, however, melts lower than the 1.2. It therefore 

 seems probable that the orientation of the toluene sulphonic acids is 

 incorrect. 



