Notices respecting New Books. 535 



and " If we wish to double the number of oscillations per minute 

 we must multiply the force by four, etc." 



As regards the woodcuts, we notice one very commendable 

 feature — namely the introduction of a symbolical figure to represent 

 a battery, electrometer, or other instrument frequently occurring in 

 experimental arrangements. In the description of Winter's elec- 

 trical machine, reference is made more than once to a knob P ; but 

 in the woodcut no P is discernible. 



The Calendar of the Departments of Law, Science, and Literature of 



the Tolcio Dai-Gaku (University of Tolcio), 1880-81. 

 The scientific papers of the Tokio University have been previously 

 noticed (Phil. Mag. vol. xiii. p. 367, May 1882) ; and the above 

 work will show the interest and importance which the Japanese 

 government attach to the progress of education by the establish- 

 ment of the Tokio Dai-Gaku or University, which could not have 

 attained to its present state of progress had it not been favoured 

 by the generosity of the Government, in devoting a large amount of 

 money for instruction in the higher branches of study ; and it is 

 the intention of the authorities connected with it, while pursuing 

 its original object, to still further make such possible improvements 

 that the standard of scholarship attained in it may equal that of 

 the Universities of Western countries. 



The historical summary contains a brief sketch of the rise and 

 progress of education from the introduction of Western learning in 

 the early part of the last century, when medical science and 

 astronomy became gradually known to the people; and sub- 

 sequently to 1744 three observatories were established, two at 

 Asakusa and one on the hill at Kudan, in which astronomical ob- 

 servations were made, and an almanac was compiled. 



In the beginning of the present century, about 1811, it was 

 considered a pressing necessity to understand the condition of 

 foreign nations, and to adopt such of the better arts a3 they might 

 have. Accordingly Dutch works were first translated and the 

 Dutch language taught, to which, in 1857, English, Prench, German, 

 and Russian were added, and courses of Mathematics, Chemistry, 

 and Botany successively established. 



After this time, in 1862, various modifications and improvements 

 in the educational department took place ; instruction in Grerman, 

 Prench, and English was given; but in 1875 all this was altered, 

 and the latter language was only to be used. Students, however, 

 were sent to other countries to continue their studies. 



Since the first permanent establishment of the Tokio Dai-Gaku 

 various modifications have been made, until it has arrived at its 

 present state, which embraces the departments of the Law, Science, 

 Literature, and Medicine. 



Although the special courses of instruction are mainly given in 

 the English language, and the student is taught either Prench or 

 German, it is the intention ultimately to use the Japanese language 

 in all the Departments. 



