EXPEDITIONS TO THE ARCTIC SEAS. 657 



Captain Beechey was sent in 1825, via Cape Horn and Behring's Straits. 



Captain Parry was sent in 1827 to reach the Pole, via Spitzbergen. 



Lieutenant Back, in 1833, was sent in command of an overland expedition 

 through the Hudson Bay territory. 



Captain Back was sent in 1836 to complete the survey of portions of the coast- 

 line north of Hudson's Bay. 



Sir John Franklin was sent out in 1845 t0 search for the northwest passage. 



In 1847 the British government sent out three expeditions to search for Sir 

 John Franklin. 



In 1850 three other search expeditions were sent out by the British govern- 

 ment. 



In 1852 Sir Edward Belcher was sent out in command of five vessels to search 

 for Sir John Franklin. 



In 1852 Captain Inglefield was sent out to search for Sir John Franklin. 



In 1875 Captains Nares and Stephenson were sent out to reach the Pole, via 

 Smith's Sound. This was one of the best equipped expeditions of modern times. 



In 1869 tne German government sent out an expedition in command of Cap- 

 tains Koldewey and Hegemann, toward the North Pole. 



Austria sent out an expedition in 1872, in command of Lieutenants Wey- 

 precht and Payer, to reach the Pole via Nova Zembla. 



The United States sent out Captain Hall, in the Polaris, via Smith's Sound, 

 in 1871. 



These comprise the principal governmental Arctic expeditions during the 

 present century. During the same period a large number of private expeditions 

 have been fitted out in this and most of the northern countries of Europe. The 

 expeditions of De Haven, Kane, Hayes, and Hall, from the United States, and 

 those of Professor Nordenskjold, from Sweden, received some slight aid from their 

 governments, but their cost has been borne principally by private citizens. 



For detailed accounts, see the published narratives of the several expedi- 

 tions. For a brief account of the work done before 1857, see a small work by Epes 

 Sargent, called " Arctic Adventures." See, also, for this, the preliminary chap- 

 ters of the "Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition made by C. F. Hall, 

 1864-69," prepared by Professor Nourse, United States Navy, under orders of 

 the Secretary of the Navy. 



II. SOME GEOGRAPHICAL AND SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF PAST ARCTIC VOYAGES. 



i. The discovery and survey of the vast territory lying north of the Amer- 

 ican continent, between the sixtieth and eighty-third degrees of north latitude, and 

 longitude 50 to 170 west of Greenwich. 



2. The discovery of Francis Joseph Land and WrangelPs Land, north of Eu- 

 rope and Asia, and of the survey of the northern coast-lines of these continents. 



3. The discovery of the magnetic pole, which has proved so valuable to 

 commerce and navigation. 



