Man and the Pleistocene Mammals of Great Britain. 203 



labours of M. Boucher de Perthes, undertook the exploration 

 of the cave of Brixham, also near Torquay, Devonshire, Dr. 

 Falconer, F.B.S., and Mr. Prestwich, F.P.S., being on the 

 exploration committee. Their labours resulted in the discovery 

 of flint flakes associated with the remains of the following 

 animals, which have been determined by Mr. Busk : — cave 

 lion, cave hyaena, fox, wolf, cave bear, brown bear, JJrsus 

 prisons, stag, roe-deer, reindeer, mammoth, horse, woolly rhi- 

 noceros, tailless hare, and teeth of arvicolaa. Mr. Busk has 

 lately proved that the JJrsus prisons of Goldfuss, quoted by 

 Schmerling, from the caverns of Liege, is identical with the 

 grizzly bear of the Pocky Mountains (JJrsus ferox) ; so that we 

 have another mammal to be added to the American group of 

 animals that lived in France, Germany, and Britain with man. 

 Dr. Falconer and Gol. Word, about the year 1858,* ex- 

 plored the caverns of Gower, in South Wales. They discovered 

 vast quantities of flint flakes associated with the remains of 

 the cave lion, cave hyena, fox, badger, cave bear, brown bear, 

 grizzly bear, bison, Irish elk, stag, reindeer (Cervus Ouettardi 

 and Cervus Bucklandi) , Rhinoceros tichorinus and Rh. lejptor- 

 hinus of Owen (Rh. hemitoechus, Falc). The association of 

 these two latter animals in the same undisturbed earth proves 

 that they cannot be considered as characteristic of two diffe- 

 rent geological epochs. In the year 1859,t I, together with. 

 Mr. Williamson, had the good fortune to explore a cavern at 

 Wootrey, a village near Wells, in Somersetshire, that afforded, 

 among vast stores of the remains of mammals, abundant traces 

 of the presence of man. The cave opened on a ravine side ; 

 and at the time we began our excavations it was completely 

 blocked up with earth. Lying on the floor, in the large 

 chamber at the entrance, which was about eight feet high, 

 about thirty feet wide, and very well lighted, were the remains 

 of the fires and the feast of some ancient tribe. Among the 

 calcined bones was one of rhinoceros, which, from its dark, 

 carbonized character, must have been burnt while containing 

 gelatine. In three distinct groups we found the implements 

 that had been left behind, consisting of flint flakes, lance- 

 heads of the type found at Moustier, sling-stones, and various 

 fragments of flint that had been used for cutting. The pre- 

 sence of several flint cores proves that the manufacture ot 

 flakes had been carried on in the cave. There were also two 

 arrow-heads found, without barbs; the one of chert, and the 

 other of bone ; the two lower angles of the latter being 

 bevelled off. Unfortunately, both these were lost before they 

 were engraved. There was also an implement of pyramidal 



* " Quart. Geol. Journ.," 1860, vol. xvi., p. 489. 

 t " Quart. Geol. Journ.," 1862, vol. xviii. p. 115 ; 1863, vol xix., p. 261. 



