430 A New Species of Cicada, from the Cascade Mountains. 



coloured, rather smaller, and provided -with a long ovipositor, 

 and in the absence of a sound-producing apparatus. 



Turning back the long grass that grew under the shadow 

 of the trees, lots of round holes were revealed — tortuous 

 and winding as they deepened — and lined with a material 

 like hardened glue, serving to preclude the access of any 

 moisture ; the greater part of those examined were generally 

 empty; but in a few was the pupa of the cicada, quite 

 close to the exit, or mouth of the hole. Deeper mining, aided 

 by pick and shovel, unearthed the larvaa. I had now dis- 

 covered all the family, and placing the respective living mem- 

 bers, together with the unhatched eggs, collected from the 

 branches of the trees, under gauze, commenced doing the 

 detective. The situation was most convenient, and well 

 adapted to this kind of inspection, as our depot camp was 

 near, and many months would have to be passed at it. 



The pupa I obtained by cutting out large squares of turf 

 and mould, in which were the holes ; the larvse, when dug up, 

 were placed in loose earth, and supplied with fine rootlets to 

 feed on. It will facilitate description to commence with the 

 pupa, tracing it to the perfect insect, then how the eggs 

 were deposited and hatched, and, lastly, what were the future 

 proceedings of the larvee. 



When approaching maturity, the pupa remained near the 

 surface,coming frequently to the mouth of the hole to sun itself, 

 and get a taste of fresh air ; the slightest noise, a breeze of 

 wind, rustling the grass, a heavy cloud obscuring the sun, or a 

 shower of rain, was quite sufficient to send it to its retreat. 

 The pupa was in colour a yellowish brown, half cicada, half 

 grub ; the wings quite apparent, folded beneath the horny 

 covering; the head and eyes much the same as in the 

 mature insect. In from three to four days a few of them left 

 their holes, and crawled up the dead branches placed in their 

 prison (this was always accomplished during the night) . As the 

 sun shone upon the skin of the pupa, it changed into a semi- 

 transparent condition, becoming very much lighter in colour, 

 and in a short time, split down the entire length of the back. 

 From out this sarcophagus crawled the winged insect; the 

 wings damp and crumpled, and the body soft. Flowers 

 were given them ; but a sponge saturated with sugar and 

 water, was readily and greedily sucked in preference. 



Ten days passed away, and no song was attempted, and 

 my fears were aroused lest captivity had broken the spirits, of 

 these forest minstrels ; but the real cause was soon apparent, 

 another change of skin had to be accomplished. This was 

 managed much in the same manner as the first shift, but 

 attained with greater difficulty. The moisture gradually 



