The Lake-Dwellers of Sivitzerland. 151 



of the earliest settlements, and organic remains likewise show 

 that the lake- dweller was a hunter as well as a fisherman, and 

 chased the land animals as well as caught the finny tribes. 

 Any bone containing marrow seems to have been dexterously 

 split lengthwise, to get at what Professor Eiitimeyer calls a 

 " miserable pittance," but which the old lake- dwellers, agreeing 

 with many moderns, may have considered a tit-bit. The work 

 before us says: ."The investigation of the bones which are 

 found in such great numbers amongst the piles of all the lake- 

 dwellings, has shown that, together with the remains of the 

 beasts of the chase, those of domestic animals are met with, 

 especially of the dog, which even in the oldest settlements is 

 found as man's companion, and, moreover, of cows, sheep, 

 goats, and pigs." If this was the state of things with the 

 earliest lake -dwellers, they must have been considerably in 

 advance of the mere hunter stage of existence ; and it is, 

 moreover, found that they were agriculturists as well as 

 keepers of cows and other animals. A sort of scratching or 

 tearing of the ground with tools of stags-horn, or wood, seems 

 to have been an anticipation of ploughing, but their produce 

 was of good quality, and considerable in amount. 

 Epi Professor Heer divides the plants hitherto found in the 

 lake dwellings into— 1, cereals ; 2, weeds of the corn-fields ; 

 3, culinary vegetables ; 4, fruit and berries ; 5, nuts ; 6, oil- 

 producing plants • 7, aromatic plants ; 8, bark and fibrous 

 plants; 9, plants used for dying; 10, forest trees and shrubs ; 

 11, mosses and ferns ; 12, fungi for kindling fire; 13, water 

 and marsh plants. The cereals comprehended the small-grained 

 six-rowed barley, a small variety of wheat, a beardless compact 

 wheat, and two kinds of millet. Masses of manure from do- 

 mestic animals indicate that heaps of such materials were syste- 

 matically collected. The fruits comprised crabs, apples, pears, 

 strawberries, raspberries, cherries, plums, etc.; a cake of poppy 

 seeds, pressed, probably for oil, was found at Eobenhausen, 

 and also carraways, which may have been a condiment. As 

 lake-dwelling existed for many generations, the state of agri- 

 culture must have changed, and that of the earliest times may 

 be presumed not to have comprised all the articles in the list. 

 " The inhabitants of the lake-dwellings," do not, according to 

 Professor Heer, "appear to have had any close connection 

 with the people of eastern Europe, for they, at least in the 

 bronze age, cultivated rye, with which the lake settlers must 

 have been acquainted if there had been any extensive inter- 

 course. On the contrary, all the cultivated plants show a con- 

 nection with the countries of the Mediterranean." Thus, their 

 agriculture seems to have come from the basin of the Mediter- 

 ranean, and Professor Heer remarks concerning celts of 



