Froceedings of Learned Societies. 159 



elusion that man was co-existent with these animals. The question 

 then arises, what races of men ? This has been answered, by the 

 discovery" of a well-developed dolichocephalic human skull, in a cave 

 at Engis, in Belgium, associated with the remains of the animals 

 enumerated above. Since that, a skull has been discovered at Nean- 

 derthal, near Dtisselclorf, very different, and much lower in type than 

 that of the Engis cave. It is a flat-topped skull, so much so that 

 there was a question whether or not its shape had been produced 

 by artificial means, and the supra-orbital ridges are extremely pro- 

 jecting. 



An interesting question arises as to the relations which ex- 

 isted between the possessors of these skulls. Could they be all of 

 one race, or were they of entirely different races ? This ques- 

 tion was settled by an examination of skulls which belonged to 

 Australian aborigines — the purest existing race of human beings. 

 In a large collection of these, there were found skulls which 

 almost exactly matched both the Engis and the Neanderthal skulls, 

 in actual dimensions ; and which certainly differed as much from 

 each other in relative proportion as did these. A remarkable fact 

 is, that the present aboriginal Australians resemble these ancient 

 people in modes of life as well as in development of skull. Like 

 them, they use stone weapons ; like them, they use the bones of the 

 kangaroo, as they did the bones of the deer and urus ; like them, 

 they make mounds of refuse skulls ; and like them, they build their 

 huts on piles in the water. 



The Engis skull can, however, be paralleled in proportions even 

 by English skulls. 



Far back as is the age of the men who made and used the flint 

 implements, still farther removed is that at which must be placed 

 the commencement of the human race. 



EOTAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



The Artesian Well at South Kensington. — Mr. Nesfield's bold 

 and original design for these gardens was characterized by the exten- 

 sive series of water scenes, canals, cascades, fountains and ponds, 

 as much as by its grand architectural accessories. The plan was 

 adopted without any consideration being given to the question how 

 the immense body of water that would be required for the fountains 

 was to be supplied. The council knew that by payment of a certain 

 rent the resources of a water company would be available, and to 

 fill the canals, and work the fountains, was a matter of no immediate 

 concern. When this question came to be considered seriously, it 

 appeared that there was every probability of a sufficient supply being 

 obtainable by the sinking of an artesian well in the garden, the first 

 outlay for which would be as nothing compared with the large yearly 

 rent for a supply from a water- company. Messrs. Easton, Amos, 

 and Sons, were so confident that the chalk would yield water in 

 abundance, that they undertook the work of boring on the condition 

 that if unsuccessful they should receive no pay. The work has been 



