Theory of tlie Winds. 



29 



perature. The curve E shows the summer variation of 

 temperature with height over the British Isles. The differ- 

 ence between the curves A and E is very striking. The 

 temperature difference between Batavia and Britain up to 

 about 11 kilometres is about 12° 0., Batavia being the higher. 

 At greater heights, however, the temperature above Britain 

 is much greater than it is above Batavia. Indeed, if the 

 difference continued into the upper portion of the strato- 

 sphere it would quite neutralize the opposite lower gradient. 

 Balloon observations by Assman on the Victoria Nyanza in 

 Africa also showed the low stratosphere temperatures along 

 the equatorial belt. The curves C and D show the mean 

 annual curves for Milan and for Pavlovsk near Petrograd. 

 Here, although the temperature of the troposphere at Pavlovsk 

 is cooler than it is at Milan, the stratosphere in the more 

 northern locality is the warmer. 



Table I. shows the temperature of the lower portion of the 

 stratosphere at a number of places in Europe as compared 

 with that at Batavia. It will be seen that the higher the 

 latitude the higher the temperature of the stratosphere is. 

 The figures are by Gold* except in the case of Batavia, where 



Table I. 



Station. Latitude. Temperature A and Height. 



Batavia 



o 



Milan and Pavia ... 44 



Zurich 47 



Munich 47 



Vienna 48 



Strassburg 48 



Paris 48 



Uccle 50 



Berlin.. 52 



Hamburg 53 



England 53 



Koutchino 55 



Pavlovsk 59 



19 km. gO km. 21 ki 



194-9 201-3 204-8 





12 km. 



30 



216-1 



25 



216-2 



50 



217-2 



10 



2183 



30 



216-8 



50 



219-5 



45 



217-5 



30 



21S3 



30 



218-4 



00 



219 -5 



40 



21H-S 



40 



220-7 



km 



207 



13 km. 14 km. 15 km. 



21H-4 

 216-7 

 218-2 

 219-6 

 2176 

 219-3 

 216-4 

 219-3 

 222 -2 

 219-5 

 218-7 

 2234 



217-7 

 215-9 

 217-3 

 219-6 

 2179 

 219*1 

 215-3 

 218-7 

 219-4 

 219-3 

 221-6 

 223 5 



2171 

 216-2 

 219-8 

 2201 

 218-2 

 2189 

 216-4 

 2179 

 220-2 

 220-0 

 2210 

 2231 



Mean 

 Temperature. 



202-0 



216 8 

 216-2 

 218-1 

 219-4 

 217<> 

 219-2 

 2164 

 2185 

 220-n 

 219-6 

 219-5 

 222-6 



* Meteorological Office Memoir No. 210 e. 



