THE 

 LONDON, EDINBURGH, and DUBLIN 



PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE 



AND 



JOURNAL OF SCIENCE. 



CONDUCTED BY 



SIR ROBERT KANE, LL.D. F.R.S. M.R.I.A. F.C.S. 

 SIR WILLIAM THOMSON, Knt. LL.D. F.R.S. &o. 



AND 



WILLIAM FRANCIS, Ph.D. F.L.S. F.R.A.S. F.C.S. 



WWf 



11 Nee aranearum sane textus ideo melior quia ex se fila gignunt, nee noster 

 vilior quia ex alienis libamus ut apes." Just. Lips. Polit. lib. i. cap. 1 . Not. 



VOL. XXVI.— FIFTH SERIES. 



JULY— DECEMBER 1888. 



LONDON: 

 TAYLOE AND FRANCIS, EED LION COUET, FLEET STEEET. 



SOLD BY LONGMANS. GREEN, AND CO. ; KENT AND CO. J SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO. 



AND WHITTAKER AND CO. ; AND BY ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK, AND 



T. AND T. CLARK, EDINBURGH; SMITH AND SON, GLASGOW; 



HODGES, FOSTER, AND CO., DUBLIN; PUTNAM, NEW YORK; 



TOUTS J. BOYVEAU, PARIS J — AND ASIIER AND CO., BERLIN. 



