isis cleats makina 
Genio-glofus.—This is a very large, ftrong, and broad 
mof{cie, flattened in its front, and paffing from the selene: 
It has 
rior furface o tongue, according as they pafs towards 
the bafis, the middle, or the apex of the organ. Its fibres 
are moft intimately blended with thote of the lingualis, as 
well as with the hyo gloflus. With the external furface of 
this mufcle the foliowing parts are in contact, viz. fublin- 
gual gland, hyo-gloffus and fylo-gloffus. 
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_and the genio- hyoideus hes along its lower and 
The dingualis is ufually eae as a {mall signe ea fat. 
t the fide of the tongue, 
o glo ex exter aint and the 
eager on the infide, and running» the 
es apex he organ. This, howe 
of the fibres of the tongue, ne whole 
mufcular. It is very difficult to follow the courfe of the 
fibres lying under the fuperior mucous furface ; feveral are 
tranfverfe, fome oblique, and others longitudinal. 
union with each other, and with thofe of the genio, hyo, 
and ftylo-gloffi above defcribed, conititutes an inextricable 
the 
t be 
of mufcular “fib: rey Sagal with more or lefs of a foft fatty 
matter, covered by the mucous membrane of the mouth, 
that Soules fy. tongue 
Motions of the Tongue. —Thefe may be confidered in two 
points of view: r{t, as far as they are produced by the fibres 
of the tongue irfclf, eae form the lingualis ; ; and 2d, thofe 
which arife from the a€tion ef the exterior mufcles. In the 
firit clafs we may enum — ift, a retraction of ae tongue 
in the mouth, by the aation of the longeedinal fibres of the 
lingualis ; adly, a an the paflage of the 
apex between the teeth, an of thofe fibres ; 
3dly, a curvature in che ‘anf cae ee bringing the 
point againit the furface of the cheek, by means of the 
lateral longitudinal fibres; qthly, a yeni of Ge apex by 
the inferior fibres, fo as to bring it towards the frenum; or 
by the (aie ones, fo as to expofe the under furface of the 
tongue when the mouth is opened, to bring the point againft 
the palate, and even to dire it towards ia pat aes fau- 
It has been fuppofed, that the apex carried 
irection, fo as to police (ilisention. 
But it 1 
qneftion to admit it as a circumiftance eae pra@ticable, 
and capable of being produced at pleafure. The motions 
now defcribed take piace chiefly towards ate front of the 
tongue, which being entirely unattached, has a great power 
of motion. 
The arias: motions take place in the tongue from the 
action of the e mufcles. It is carried fre rds, fo 
that the apex cal between the teeth and the anterior loofe 
portion is hea es from the mouth, b 
of the genio-g 
in this motion to 
carried forwards. The anterior fibres of the genio-gloffus, 
and the ftylo-gloffus reftore the tongue to its former pofition. 
The ee of the tongue, confidered as es the 
defcribe with precifion, and which we fhall beft underftand 
by adverting to the funGtiors of the part as an organ of 
maftication and articulation. 
Maftication.— By the parts now defcribed the food is taken 
into the mcuth, and retained there forthe purpofe of maitica- 
tion. ‘There is fome mufcular exertion at its entrance into the 
mouth : the lips are feparated, and flightly everted, exerting 
fometimes a - of prehenfile power, the: I las ae gentlycar- 
ried downw iquid n 
the lips and peer e, which a obferved to exert themfelves 
in two wa The firft method is that of i see is al- 
moft ee to the child. ipple of the mother is em- 
braced by the lips, hea ance clofely aad : from the 
aGtion of the orbicularis. ‘T'ne ton gue formed into a longi- 
tudinal channel, ie action of the oa of is applied 
in front to the nipple, receives the fluid w comes from 
that part, and tranimits it to the pharyn nx. o When the lips - 
and tongue are thus placed, the enlargement of the cheft 
forms a vacuum in the mouth, and the preffure of the ex- 
ternal air on the furface of the breait forces out the milk. 
We can alfo ies by immerfing the lips in a fluid ; and the 
ance is the fame, in this aba as in the preceding. 
This is the way in which the horfe dri other me- 
iba: is a applying the lips to a vel containing a fluid, 
in which cafe alfo the tongue for re the 
fluid pafles into the mouth cree ie ite own Sete we 
in a manner pour it in from the containing v veffel. There i is 
a third poffible method of taking liquids; but it is very fel- 
dom employed 
9AaTO LAAT 
plying the lips and cheeks 
ee the teeth. It is propelled into the back part of the 
mouth by means of the h r and is 
cup for that ball 
m the corners and fides of the 
e fame time the teeth are either brought to- 
gether perpendicularly, fo as to divide the food by the aé& of 
biting ; or the inferior molares, by the lateral motions of the 
lower jaw, grind the alimentary fubftance againft the fupe- 
w r i a 
ks; and sehen fafficeotly 
reduced, it is placed in a mafs on the fuperior furface of the 
tongue, Mees ufly to {waliowing. 
This 
o of palais. 
the fkin of a grape is not brokea in its paflage through 
the whole alimentary canal, Imperfect a muft 
+ refore 
