DIPLOMATICS. 
m right to left or from 
to right; and the ae or bicularis a dee as round feals, 
medals, &c. 
In the oldeft documents there are no poiats, no ea 
between the wo | Tae letters ftand one clofe 
‘other without any diftinGion in the text itfelf; ee is ene 
a {mall {pace left a! the dates, royal fignatures, and ab- 
breviations. , fome interval between the words was 
h are 
ae 
fa) 
th hey are called « ies 
wz and protraétiores.”’ 
he beginning of ss aida century, but 
without either ie 2 or comma hau towards 
e end of the tweifth and in the t hirteenth ntury. 
that 2 ve bees in Taner centuri 
heaee = are called ‘6 em or note Tironis,”’ 
'Tiro’s ae are n e found in any alphabet. 
reprefent whole tn ir ufe is very pipes 
Were invented to facilitate quick wr ning, ~ as 
corre{pond with the different chara@er 
Fils writing. That fuch charaéters were 
ws is inferred from m king David’s faying in the begin. 
e 45th Plalm: “ My tongue is me pen of a read 
writer.’ t Is, sales heer that Xenophon was the 
firft who ufed them among the Greeks, and that Cicero’s 
fhort-hand writing or 
The following lines are afpecimen of Tiro’s 
i. Gs 
tachygraphia. 
notes. 
% 
Lingua Mea Calamus 
~y a ‘ 
f o¢ 
Seribe Velociter Scribeniis 
Confult D. P. Carpentier’s Alphabetum Tironianum. 
— 1747. 
e ee wledge of the different hand-writings: of = 
vol. ii. p. 479 
face the old German prevailed from the fifth or 
fixth century, tilthe year 1066, w = the yaa 
quéeror pee the Ca fo ee writ he 
Gothic or black letter, fuch as is fill ufed in ihe ie a 
fom cacoke prevailed from the thirteenth to the fixteenth 
cua, when the old elegant Latin or Roman hand was 
reftored and beautifully improved in Great Brita 
) fth to the thirteenth century the en of the 
crofs, called “ Gi ainion: Chrifmum, Chrifmus, or Chrifmos,” 
was ufed in fignatures. In the ninth ceatury the folemnity 
phar, (chife s,) co 
of the fizning of documents was increafed by the addition of 
the fymbols of inveltiture, as *‘ per alapam, per amphoram 
plenam aque maris, per forfices,’? of which the Eisen 
inftance is recorded: ‘* Odo Comes de Corbailo (Corbeil) 
conceflit Deo et S. Germano Pontifarienfi; quandam vieriam 
quam ee in terra moriflarti, deprecante matre fua comi- 
tifa de Croceio, cum forficibus, 
. Albino terram de Brilchiot pro cujus doni con- 
center biel io achum pater et filius in fidei no- 
mine ofculatt fun utem iilius, eo qued a femina 
oe um ei nuftatam habemus, Lambertum quem- 
m Prefefum §. Albini, aon Walterio eine 
aaa fententia oe elt ” Per pileum. It w the 
fymbol of the hat that king R: aad ey; England ae the 
emperor Henry VI., whofe prifoner he wae, the inveftiture 
of his niet Per virgam et pileum. ‘The invettiture 
of duc in- England was generally given by the - 
ol . ths a da the hat. 
ignatures eae confit of mo 
f the letters or ia initials ‘of 
the names of thofe oe fablcribe d the a cuments. The 
wo oa monogramma is feldom mentioned in the ene bat, 
inttead of it, we find the sg a e« preffions, fignum, he Lo 
crucis ; ‘* nominis or manu num, manus propria, manus 
proprie nota, chirographum, figuaculum, charaéter, cha- 
racter nominis, pie @ charater, regii rominis character, 
aos char saga ry s figura » &c.” The firkt 
nograms or 
or trom 
s ha 
eer “ignature . a pope's pa 
er been ufed. 
The rea are the monograms of Charlemagne, Otto 
the abe fins Capet, Robert of France, and Bofo king 
Seals, or che have been ufed ever ee the time of the 
renee Jacob Genefis xxxviii. 8 
othe ih eaten Babylon 
and once fu 
In Great Britain mono- 
t fin Greeks, 
he r4th 
th: i 
ancient n ane ie is it {pelt 
nulus, (in 
anulus, ) which, lated vot the ‘tenth century, after which the 
word fizillum is the e 
th to the rath 
