DIPPING. 
at the fame time, to fave the expence and trouble of after- 
C 
generally ufed, but as the 
lack, be pafled through the fours to free them from the 
oxyd of copper, which imparts a greenifh hue to the white, 
it is better to employ the nitrate of copper, which is cleared 
by hot watering and wafhing much more eas eatly. 
If the pa by contain very large mafles or bodies of 
black, the ac of iron, or what the. puatee call black 
colour, ats be u nated, increafing the ftrength to double that 
required for an ordinary black ; fo that when the goods are 
platy and as well cleaned as poffible, by piensa wafhing, 
&c. they may ia paffed ae water rendered flightly 
acidulous with nitrous, er what is fill better, ante acid, 
without mace impairing a ftrength of the mordant. 
es no {tain in the dye copper, 
when the black is raifed with fumac and logwood. 
It is proper to obferve, that the goods, before fouring, 
fhould be compleatly freed from all fuperfluous pate, either 
of the black or es i the i ine by repeated hot water- 
ing, at a temperature 40°, oxygenated as highly as pof- 
fible. In this ftate ib is aie foluble, either in nitrous or 
acetous acids, and will bear weak folutions of them 13 or 
20 minutes 
Of Refifting Mordants. 
When a pale blue is intended to exhibit ssa Rees 
on the ground, as red, pink, yellow, orange, &c. the pafte 
or referve is often mixed with a mordant en of pro- 
ducing thefe colours in the dye copper. 
ommon pafte alone will produce a yellow with weld, 
quercitron bark, fultic, &c. if the piece be fimply rinfed and 
wathed before dyeing. 
n this cafe the oxyd of copper which remains in the 
cloth attracts the colouring matter, and though it is greatly 
inferior as a mordant, to the acetate of alumine, yet, wit 
it is capable 
employing thole folutions of copper which are moft foluble, 
and uling aaa fomewhat ftronger than is merely neceflary 
to refift the v 
_ When pie the goods fhould be well Se in the 
0 na eer 
warm g uc 
dca or too aie heat, poe ale the yellow, the tempera 
ture fhould not exceed 1 and after winching again 
the river, they fhould be a a a heat cone cy below 
this, if weld is ufed, and not cxcceding 75 or 80 if dyed 
with bark. 
Oxyd of copper, when dyed at a high i ai in- 
aria bly becomes dull, efpecially when bark or fum 
enala: . With weld there is lefs is of injuring ns 
brightnefs of the eet but ide continued heat impairs 
it greatly. 
This mordant does not at all anfwer for reds; with mad- 
der it affords a dull wine-coloured dye, and with brazil, 
ommon aluminous mer- 
dant, its effeéts are very vifible, aes age with any of the 
above-mentior ned drugs. 
It is os employed for deep full reds, upon pale 
L 
blue grourd, Logs a ba following formula, which is 
excellent for a yellow 
Diffolve see of ae OF lead: and 2dibs, of alum, 
in a gallon of water; pour off the folution “from the pre 
cipitate, and add 8 oze. of fulphate of copper; thicken with 
ti lb. of ftarch, and 4lbs, of fine pipe-clay. When cool, 
ee the patte through a cloth or aa and give the goods 
ix days age before dipping. ree minutes in a well- 
conditidned vat, and transfer the ft ame con thence inftantly 
to the water-vat.—Rinfe off, and prepare for dycing in the 
fame manner as before direfted. 
following formula is in ufe for refiting reds or yels 
lows :—Diffolve in one gallon of warm water 3$lbs. of 
mane of lead, and 5 lbs. of alum; thicken it (with the 
precipitate in) with ais pans ng se — 2 048. of 
or grou zs. nmMON 
falt, g. of nee Coie ‘ive the eon: two 
or ee a age before dipping, and keep them trom three 
to five minutes in a good 
fhade of blue required. g 
inftant they are taken up, and rinfe and finifh as before. 
Bark or we rabs and olives, as they do not fo foon 
fhew any flight tinge of blie which m 
ri paite, may be fimply iiceene with good 
om 12 to t60zs. of fuet per gallon, to enable them 
oe to refilt the vat. If this fhouid not fuffice, on 2 
to 4ozs. of fulphate of copper may be added, but it mutt 
be obferved, at this will change the hue os the drab, and - 
ipe-clay, more than 
ri 
may have penetrated 
ftarch, and 
of the mordant. 
Solutions of tin, more efpecially the nitro-muriatic, are 
employed by fome calico-printers, in conjuuétion with the 
alaminous mordant, for refitting i and yellows. 
are not very powerful in keepin 
adder, - feeble colours : 
is aorane t pa 
In ge eat thole folutions which are moft efficacious in 
refifting the vat, are the worft mordants, as thofe of copper 
for example; but as they will bear a long dip, and-the 
evennefs of the blue is thereby enfured, this advantage, in 
one colour, is cp ugalien as a a t compentation for want 
of brilliancy in the o mmon ous mors 
ant, thickene ae a a ie ines ae with 
ftarch and pipe-clay, a infinitely the beit foci and 
will refit the vat a few feconds, but not fufficiently long to 
make the work fecure. The recent arg Facbiaag in this 
kind of dipping, however, by t ¢ of warm -_ has 
e calico- 
i“ yellow they produce 
he ttending warm vats, 
s the eae with which t plat the cloth ; fo 
that all the effect of a fix guree dip in a cold vat, may, 
be obtained in_the fame camber of feconds. 
€ 
aay means, and may eith 
a pipe valves, in which cafe the fteam itfelf is condenied 
in, ae aes with the folution of indigo, or the vat may 
. in gal furrounded with a cafing, into which the fteam 
be admitted, and give out its heat, without filling the 
ae with condenfed water. 
4 The 
