GUNNERY. 
“at appears from experience, me bullets of the fame dia- 
and denfity impinging on the fame folid fubftance 
with different velocities, will pales that fubftaace to dif- 
ferent depths, which will be in the duplicate ratio of thofe 
velocities n Thus a leaden bullet of 4 of an inch in 
diameter, bait fired bane a folid block of elm with differ- 
ent velocities, as of 1700 feet, 7 30 and 400 feet in 1”, the 
cavities were found to be as 55, and 3, refpectively ; 
which are nearly in the duplicate pactikion of thofe velo- 
cities: perfect regularity in cafes od this nature cannot be 
D of the fame piece of 
-and the a i of the Foe and the bullet by the 
fol, are confide 
From the penetration being in the duplicate bah ieee of 
the velocity of the impinging body, it follow: the re- 
fiftance of the wood, like that of gravity, is ae mm. See 
New Princip, of Gunnery, P- 94, 95. or Tratts, &c. p. 152. 
See Gun. 
Tt appears from the account already given of Mr. Robins’ 8 
> experiments, that the balls he made ufe of, in afcer- 
Fppeintote with others of a large r fize. This 
confiderable sah ees {upplied by the experi- 
ments of eae et Hutton, conducted i 
everal able Face ers oO 
applied | . The machinery 
ufed by Dr. Hutton is much of the fame kind with that of 
? Robins 3 and the intention of his experiments is to dif. 
ver the inicial velocity of military projediilee, or the velo- 
ES with which a ball iffues froma pie 
The gun with which the experiments were made was of 
brafs 5 the “era of the bore at the muzzle was 2.16 
inches, and breech 2.08 inches ; 
en bal which it would aa was 19} ounces avoirdupoite ; 
fot wees ng ne 
digs ee g near three p 
ae oreo 
‘aubreslong. "The eras was that eae made a 
he penetrati 
fe = ache no Ae when two ounces of powder 
firft courfe of ace a was Pf skvercs 
> theday being clear and‘ dry ; a 
refale hat the mean velocity of five thot ee two 
pow: Ta 626 feet in 1”, and o fhot, with 
rset of pees 3915 | fect in x", which ‘velocities are i in 
omer cafe was ui ounces, and in ae toes 175 ounces, 
-Tatio of he quantities s of powder was that of 
ns = is evident, the velocities are very nearly as 
eee oan of the quantities o wad r directly, oo 
uare Toots of the weights of the balls eas The 
sa in June, ina 
a) 
as dumber 508 ate it Fill become 1.985 which fall 
the ni 
lefs than what would arife from the swank ratio of the 
{quare roots of the weight of the fhot. Some of thefe ex. 
eget were rendered doubtful eA the effect of the wind ; 
o 
8 
ct 
bt 
20 
ie 
DD 
fr] 
a 
o 
QO 
* 
int 
mie 
na 
Bro 
™ 
Ww 
v 
in in and tha t 
July. The machinery for this and the jonewag 
r. Hutton, was fo perfe , and every circum 
ftance sedeitian? ‘the experiments ah carefully oblerved, that 
conclufions refulting from t 
t fafety. _ Thofe of the firit day were made with lea 
reitig in ee and as every other circumftance was the 
afto rd very good means for difcaveriag the law of 
of fhot, while the variations in the 
and 8 ounces, furnifh us with the rule 
for the different qusittities of it. i 
2; and 8 o 
4) ) 
feet in ” 
olnces ; and that with the 2 and 4 ounces a8 : the cea 
an tt of 2 by .cg, or about 
ptt 1a pare too fall $e the fubduplicate ratio of the 
pow This defe& is afcribed to three caufes, viz. the 
lefs length of cy ‘linder oF lade which the ball w 
ater, se skitty wade greater quantity of powder blswh 
gre nfited in this cafe than in that of the lefs velocities. 
out u ‘ | 
Hence we may infer, how — _quantity of powder 
which is blown out untired in a ve bie cafes, and the 
n all ca ales ; tor = 
when’ fapalled ae powder, was not 
much different from the half © ays of thie tite in which it 
was impelled by the two ounces, it is evident that in half 
the time there was nearly four times the quantity of powder 
fired. » In the laft courfe of experiments, confifling of fif- 
teen fhot, the mean velocities with 2, 4, and 
numbers 1, 1.416 and 1.993, or nearly i inthe faiduplicaté 
: weights of powder, viz. 1, 1.414 and 2. 
ee ee of the balls, which were iron, with | 
of | ler, was: 183 ee deg 
2 by .o1 » OF the 139d ee wd this 
fet is Cte bei ; a to the cals ment ; : 
7 ned in the recita 
: 
