OES 
ointed b 
defcription of all the towns, parifhes, churches, &c. in 
Sweden, adapted to count Dahlberg’s views of them; but 
this work was fufpended by his death. 
OESCH, or Orx, in Geography, a town of Switzerland, 
in a canton of Berne; 19 miles 5S. of Friburg. 
ESEL, a rocky ifland of the Baltic, or Eait = called 
by the in- 
a the iene ente of Soarverort, is about 113 Sw 
In breadth it ays varies: its 
3 and its {malleft at the 
The temperature of the air is moderate and ae ; the 
foil being in moft parts fand, loam, and clay, is therefore 
poor; but after good geen aa _ eee or fea-weed, 
and proper culture, it prod corn, particularly 
wheat, rye, and barley; in eee feafons, likewife oats 
and peafe. In dry fummers, the parts that are quite fandy 
feldom yield good barley, as it then runs altogether to ftraw. 
n this ifland are many be e ftone 
quarries are fine, and very produdtive. y la 
limeftone, which have been formed into ria 
x are more and orderly, and are generally 
not addicted to zeae but if they indulge to excefs, 
they prefer beer to brandy. In mufic and dancing, the 
Ocfelians manifeft fuperior tafte to that of the inhabitants of 
the adjacent continent ; tolerable airs being produced by the 
boors from their favourite inflrument, the bagpipe: they 
have likewife two forts of d 
ooms they 
have deal- floor 33 ad thofe of ie oo nee cla no longer 
burn laths for light, ufe tallow candies; and the opulent 
beors along the coaft h mps il 
pay on ee fides. 
of 28 days. By this kalendar Le learn at once every 
week-day, every immoveable feftival, and every day that is 
memorable among them on account ie any fuperttitious 
rites; for each has its st cas ye fign. y begin to reckon 
every fucccflive year one day later than ne laft ; and in the 
ufe af ae kaiendar, they follow the practice of the Hebrews, 
SO 
and other Oriental nations, who begin their books at that 
which we deem the end, and read from right to left. 
1. i. 
CSOPHAGEUS, in ieee an epithet applied to the 
arteries, ba of the oefopha 
HAGOTOMY, in on from 4 the 
gullet, a Tepuvidy 10 CUts the operation of making an in- 
cifion into the cefophagus, or gullet. he ecu ine 
under which fuch a meafure feems neceflary, as well as the 
mode of operating, are detailed in the article EsopHacus, 
Removal of foreign Bodies from. 
GSOPHAGUS, in Anatomy, from $2.0, oicw, to carry 
and Gxyw, to eat, the membranous and mufcular tube which 
conveys the food from the throat to the ftomach. See De- 
GLUTITION 
odges in the 
ibugee and ae conftruGion, and curved like thofe which 
are ufed for extracting polypi from the noftrils. Such for- 
ceps, as well as other inftruments, which will be prefently 
noticed, fhould be carefully introduced. The patient being 
feated on a chair, with his head refting upon the breaft of an 
affiftant, who is to keep it fteady by applying his hands to 
the forehead, and hold it moderately back, the furgeon is to 
convey the index finger of his left hand over the bale of ne 
tongue, eersaias 
condu a the for 
ing. 
When the ee body has defcended too far to be reached 
by the alee or forceps, it may fometimes be extra€ted with 
a long picce of ftrong double wire, the extremity of which 
is fhaped like a hook. This fort of inftrument would tear 
the internal membrane of the oefophagus, if it were not em- 
ployed with the utmoft caution. It has been recommended 
for the extraction of angular bodies. Thefe might be equally 
well removed, and without any rifk, by n: ieans of a flexible 
filver wire, cous ed into a noole, an 
twilte 
M. J. L. Petit fuggefted 
rhalebone probang, or long flver ae 
at the end of whic i ‘fmnall rings were placed, conneéted t 
gether like thofe of a watch 
It was cuftomary with the arceats to make the pa ae 
{wallow a bit of fponge dipped in oii, and attached to fome 
thread, which pafled through the middle of 1t. Fine 
Hildanus afterwards fixed the {ponge upon the end of a hol- 
low filver, or copper-probe, perforated with apertures. 
Others conceived that the fponge might be more conveniently 
introduced if it were fixed on fomething flexible, like a long 
piece of whalebone. At length J. L. Petit rendered this 
inftrument as fafe as it could be made, by including the 
whalehone ina tube of flexible filver, nwbich was conftructed 
of fpiral filver wire, while a oe was alfo faltened by 
— i a wi . > the a aa 
bodies, whofe form 
ee od rae eee folid, al follow the fpange, in ae 
their 
