ORG 
give the idea of all the notes coming from the fame pipe or 
ttrin 
wy is indif{penfable . an organ, that it t have a good 
ftopped diapafon, as that ftop is the foundation of the 
organ, oes er ae except _ the dulciana or are 
ae ufed a oe lees. It is of t importance that it 
fufficien ay ae nd hold in the Res particularly in phaie 
chacnber organs which have an open diapafon ; as that flop 
s feldom extended lower than G gamut. nd in tee 
church ot ada pies the open diapafon goes through the 
{cale, the lower notes are feeble, if not fupported by the 
ftopped gree a ; and it may be obferved, that no itop 
fhould be loudeft at the top. the open diapafon, little 
more need be faid than that it fhould be full, 
more or lefs eee into the bafe, according to the fize of 
oice of the builder; and st may be proper 
already faid, will apply to all other ftops generally, when 
taken fingly ; t their relative ftrength is of Fen im- 
portance to the Bit at the of the chorus. As a fingle ftop 
The chorus fhculd be-rich, bril- 
lant, and articulate; and the twelfth and tierce, a their 
oétaves, fhould not be heard, except when liftene 
trumpet-ftop, when good, adds greatly to the cesicley, as 
well as to the ftrength of the chorus; and its octave, the 
clarion, increafes its brilliancy. 
e goodnefs of thefe, and all other reed flops, befides 
a 
o 
readily an 
ich as 18 produce by bad players on the clarionet, or haut- 
And it had been well if the trumpet had never a 
rs coafequence, a trifling and vitiated ftyle of per- 
ormance, equally ie to the tafte of this cone: 
where only it is cultiva 
Orcan, Hydraulic, denotes a mufical machine that plays 
by means of water initead o 
es thefe there are eal in niidys in the grottos of vine- 
wy 
YA tclebes of Alexandria, who lived in the reign of Ptolemy 
Euergetes, is faid to have firlt invente d organs that played 
by compreffing the air with water, as is ftill praétifed. Ar- 
chimedes and Vitruvius have left us defcriptions of the hy- 
draulic organ. Felibein, dela Vie des Archit. See Haw- 
kins’s Hilt of Mufic, vol. i. p. 190, &c. See Hypravu- 
ICON 
In the cabinet of queen pair eae is a beautiful 7 large 
medallion of Valentinian, on the reverfe of whic s feen 
one of thef> hydraulic organs ; ent two men, one on the 
right, the cther on the left, feeming to pu water 
which plays it, and to liften to its found. i has only eight 
pipes placed ona round a easier The alae is PLACEA 
SPETRI, if it be not w cepied, whic &. 
ORGANICAL, in ike Greek Mufic, was {ynonimous 
with inftrumental, or mufic played by ee which 
had a notation in chara ers. cent from the yocal, as may 
8 
ORG 
be feen in aes and Alypius. See Greek Mujfic, and 
CHARAC 
OrGA a or Organic Difeafes - thofe difeafes in 
which ie eee of fome organ e body is a€tually 
de — and its functions cone queni yt impeded. 
Diforder of funétion, however, does not neceffarily imply 
derangement of ftruGure: all difeafes, therefore, are not 
organic. Difeafed aGion of the vital and irritable parts will be 
attended with a difordered sk of the erie as well as 
fource, are generally within the ready controul of medicine ; 
whilft thofe, which originate from morbid ftru€ture, are com- 
monly beyond the reach of art; or at leaft palliation of the 
fymptoms, and the retardation of the progrefs cf the morbid 
condition, are all that art can effet, except in the early itage 
of ftru€tural change 
This ftatement may be illuftrated by a view of the difeafes 
of the ftomach ; fome of which are the refult of morbid 
action of the mufcular coat, or of the fecretory veflels, ex- 
cited by irritation in the organ itfelf, or by fympathy with 
e ved from se a ae 
of the vifcu 
"by any 
of the ftomach in rie 
tic of a difeafed contin of the brain, or of a calculus in 
the kidnies, &c. any of thefe circumftances, an ws - 
order of the ftomach is not organic; there is no der 
aes of its ftructure, nothing which the eye could Pea f 
t hadaccefs tothe interior parts of the body ; and the mor- 
bid aCtion of the organ may be perfeétly cured, either by 
diminifhing the general or local excefs of irritability, by ap- 
propriate medicines, or by curing the difeafes of the brain, 
the kidney, &c., of which the ttate of the ftomach is merely 
fympathetic. But, onthe other hand, pain and ficknefs 
in that org ay be connected with a morbid change in its 
ftruture ; as, for example, w chronic inflammation of 
its coats, th a {cirrhous or cancerous ftate of the organ, 
a 
i » by 
means of aces light, liquid, and digeftible Chai in fall 
quantities, and laxatives. 
Organic difeafes are not always diftings saigeiie in their 
mmencement, from mere diforders of function. The 
a n proce al for a eoutae rable time, without any great 
derangement of the funétions themfelves, and lan intervals 
even of total freedom from any morbid fymptoms ; fo that 
they are often only difcovered to be organic, i ‘= perti- 
acity with which they continue, until at length, not onl 
afed organ are greatly impaired, but 
a n, the ftrength finks, and ge- 
neral emaciation evinces the failure of the funétions of nutri- 
tion, which a fixed difeafe in any important organ ultimately 
Iti is only upon mets cue are organic, that difleGtion 
: and it has taught us to conne& 
certain fymptoms scar ng Ife, with certain changes of ftruc- 
ure in — i na infomuch that a fkilful obferver 
will commonly be from marking the fymptoms, to 
point aut “ organ pra and the nature of the morbid 
change that is going on. Hence the obvious value of morbid 
anatomy; 
