The Origin and Transformation of Animals. 105 



We must refer the reader to the elegantly written work 

 upon which this paper is founded, for details of the reproduc- 

 tive arrangements of the Radiata, and intestinal worms ; suffice 

 it to say, that among all the diversities which they present, the 

 author traces the leading facts of his doctrine of geneagenesis, 

 and feels justified in arriving at the conclusion that gemmiparous 

 or budding reproduction is not able to perpetuate the species, 

 but that after a given time the formation of true eggs becomes 

 necessary. He rejects the Parthenogenesis, or Virgin- genera- 

 tion doctrine of Mr. Owen, and sees in all the cases to which such 

 an explanation has been applied, illustrations of the methods 

 we have explained. With the views of Dr. Carpenter he con- 

 curs, regarding oviparity or egg generation, as entirely distinct 

 from gemmiparity or bud generation; the first demands the 

 concurrence of two systems of organs, special and distinct ; the 

 second, as Dr. Carpenter expresses it, is a multiplication of cells 

 by a process of continual growth. All reproduction that does 

 not involve the formation of true eggs he regards as phenomena 

 of budding, which in their turn are phenomena of growth, and 

 as the manifestations of growth are limited, the budding pro- 

 cess has its duration limited also, and can never perpetuate a 

 race. 



M. Quatrefages is of course aware of the difficulty of proving 

 the intervention of a father in all cases of continuous repro- 

 duction in the insect world. As we have seen, the necessity for 

 such an individual may be postponed for many generations, and 

 some naturalists have thought it might be permanently dis- 

 pensed with. It may be asked, Is the father a constant item 

 in the natural arrangements for the preservation of species ? 

 Bernouilli, Treviranus, Suckow, and Burmeister had observed 

 among several nocturnal moths, and Malpighi, Herold, Curtis, 

 and Filippi had noticed among the silkworm moths, that females 

 without any connection with the males of their species could lay 

 fertile eggs, and M. Carlier has obtained three virgin genera- 

 tions of the Liparis dispar. 



These observations seemed little favourable to the preten- 

 sions of the male sex, but subsequent discoveries reasserted its 

 importance. M. Zierzon, cure of Carlsmark, in Silesia, a man 

 whom M. Quatrefages describes as endowed with a rare faculty 

 of observation, declared that while the Queen Bee preserved 

 her virginity intact, she could only lay eggs that produced 

 (males. He admitted with Huber that the queen could receive on 

 a single occasion enough of the fertilizing fluid to last for several 

 years, but he contended that she could decide whether the egg 

 which she laid should be acted upon by it or not, In the first 

 case he said a female bee was the result, and in the latter a 

 male. It appears that with bees the union of the two sexes 



