106 The Origin and Transformation of Animals. 



can only occur during flight, so that cutting off the wings of a 

 female bee, or a natural defect having the same result, will pre- 

 clude her laying fecundated eggs. It also appears that if a 

 married queen is exposed to a degree of cold capable of injuring 

 the fecundating fluid, or if the communication is stopped be- 

 tween the vessel in which she retains it, and the canal through 

 which the eggs are deposited, she only produces males after 

 such an accident, although she had previously been producing 

 bees of her own sex. In Germany, whore bee culture occupies 

 much attention, it seems that efforts to produce crosses between 

 two races confirmed Zierzon's ideas. Thus when local bees 

 were crossed with the Ligurian bee, the offspring resembled 

 both parents so far as workers and queens were concerned, but 

 the male progeny reproduced the maternal type in all its purity. 

 Siebold and Leuckart undertook a scientific examination of the 

 facts thus disclosed by Zierzon and Berlepsch, and the result of 

 post-mortem examinations of married and unmarried queens, and 

 of the eggs which they produced, showed that the cure of 

 Carlsmark was right. 



At this point of the argument the question arises whether 

 the unimpregnated eggs are true eggs at all. To answer this- 

 M. Quatrefages has recourse to the labours of Mr. Huxley in 

 reference to the reproduction of the aphides, and he observes, 

 "in the three last chambers of the ovary of the oviparous 

 aphis, figured by Huxley, we see the egg in its nascent condi- 

 tions, represented only by an isolated vesicle of Purkinje, very 

 small, but well characterized and already possessing the spot of 

 Wagner. This vesicle grows in passing through the second 

 chamber, but it is only in the third that it begins to surround 

 itself with a vitellus, all the while leaving the germinating spot 

 distinct and noticeable .... with the viviparous aphis, Huxley 

 describes and figures these phenomena very differently. Here 

 the last chamber of the ovary is filled with a pale homogeneous 

 matter, in which are a dozen cells with opaque nuclei.* A por- 

 tion of this matter is separated from the rest by a constriction 

 of the walls of the chamber, which becomes more and more 



pronounced Nothing here resembles the true ' l vesicle 



of Purkinje/'' or the true " spot of Wagner," — " the funda- 

 mental elements of eggs properly so-called.''' Acting upon 

 this view, M. Quatrefages considers the unfecundated eggs to 

 be another form of bud, and he asks, " is their nature changed 

 because, being destined for development outside the maternal 

 bosom, they have received an envelope of greater or less soli- 

 dity according to the protection against accidents which they 



are likely to require in the external world ? But if 



these reproductive bodies are buds not eggs, it follows that 



'* " Dans laquelle sont comme noyees ime clouzaine de cellules a noyau opaque." 



