Peruvian-bark Trees and their Transplantation. 459 



Crown-bark region in the province of Loxa (Ecuador) , the Grey- 

 bark region of Huanuco in Northern Peru, and the Calisaya 

 region in Southern Peru and Bolivia. The species inhabiting 

 most of these regions have lately been studied with more than 

 usual accuracy and minuteness. Those of New Granada have been 

 investigated for many years by Mr. Lindig, and the results have 

 been made known by Dr. Karsten in his Flora Columbiana. 

 The Red-bark region has been visited by Messrs. Spruce and 

 Cross, both of whom wrote excellent reports on it. Southern 

 Ecuador and Northern Peru have been most ably handled by 

 Mr. J. E. Howard in his Illustrations of the Nueva Quinologia of 

 Pavon, a work originally embracing some of the results of the 

 Spanish expedition to South America under Ruiz, Pavon, and 

 Tafalla, but left unpublished until Mr. Howard took them in 

 hand, embellished them with splendid plates, and gave them 

 to the world with a long series of annotations such as only a 

 perfect master of the subject could supply. The Oaravaya 

 region in Bolivia and Southern Peru, first explored by Hsenke, 

 has lately been visited by Mr. Markham, whose investigations 

 have been published in his Travels in Peru and India, a 

 volume full of the latest and soundest information on everything 

 connected with the history, conditions of growth, and cultivation 

 of Chinchonas. Dr. Weddell, an English botanist, residing in 

 France, had previously given us a monograph principally on the 

 Bolivian species, which he has studied during his extensive 

 travels in their native country. The literature relating to 

 Chinchonas is an extremely rich one ; even when, in 1826, 

 Bergen published his monograph, his catalogue of all written 

 on the subject extended over seventy-two pages, and included 

 670 different publications. Since then numberless additions 

 have been made, but none of them exceed in value those of 

 Karsten, Markham, Howard, and Weddell. 



The constant drain for Chinchona bark upon South America 

 has already been pointed out, and the exhaustion of the forests 

 is proceeding at so rapid a rate that the utter annihilation of 

 the trees, local as many species are, is merely a matter of time. 

 Indeed, the days are fast approaching when the poor fever- 

 stricken patient will sigh in vain for the only remedy that can 

 afford a speedy and certain relief. The Republics in whose 

 dominion Nature has placed these invaluable forests are too 

 weak and ignorant to pass or enforce laws for their proper 

 protection and administration, and too indolent to make plan- 

 tations which would ensure our future supplies of bark. Under 

 such circumstances German, Dutch, and English men of 

 science — I shall not discuss the question of who was the first — 

 have for years advocated the necessity of introducing the bark 

 trees into the higher mountains of the East and West Indies, 



