BIGELOW: EXPLORATIONS IN THE GULF OF MAINE. 35 



Mt. Desert, whence we followed the outer islands (Stations 37-39) 

 to the mouth of Penobscot Bay. On August 21st heavy fog once 

 more set in, and on the 22nd we were driven to refuge until the 24th, 

 in the Kennebec River, whence we ran direct for Cape Ann. We had 

 planned several stations for this run, but heavy sea so interfered with 

 our work, that only surface and intermediate hauls, bottom temper- 

 ature, and water sample were taken at one station. 



Up to this time we had been covering fresh ground constantly, 

 thus having little chance to trace the changes in hydrographic con- 

 ditions consequent on the advance of the season. But we were now 

 able to repeat in Massachusetts Bay some of the stations which we had 

 occupied six weeks earlier. One Station (43) was likewise occupied 

 off Cape Cod, and on August 31st the Grampus returned to Gloucester. 



Equipment and methods. 



The money available for fitting the Grampus for the cruise was 

 limited, and we were therefore unable to provide ourselves with various 

 pieces of apparatus which would have been desirable. The Grampus 

 has no dredging engine, to remedy which deficiency a gasoline winch, 

 built for her on a previous occasion (Bigelow, 1909), was installed on 

 deck just forward of the mainmast. But as this machine has a cargo- 

 drum only, it was necessary to wind the wire rope from it by hand on a 

 second winch. The reeling drum carried 300 fathoms of plough-steel 

 rope, f in. in diameter, with which all the trawling, dredging, and tow- 

 ing with the large horizontal and vertical nets was done, the length 

 of wire outboard being measured by a fathom recording sheave. 

 A small hand winch with divided barrel carrying 300 fathoms of soft 

 iron rope ^ in. in diameter with breaking strain of 500 lbs., and 400 

 fathoms of malleable steel sounding wire was also used. 



The little winch was used in the dory, for serial temperatures, serial 

 water samples, and current measurements; and occasionally on the 

 vessel for similar purposes. 



Soundings were usually made by hand with cod-line and 30 lb. lead, 

 a method sufficiently accurate for depths of less than 150 fathoms; 

 but occasionally with the £ in. wire, or with the sounding wire. 



The surface thermometers were of two kinds; the ordinary " Bureau 

 of Fisheries" type (Tanner, 1897) graduated to 1° F, and a set of six 

 extremely accurate chemical thermometers provided by R. Goertze, 

 Leipzig, graduated to .1°C. Most of the observations were made 



