1 6 March, The Superficial Geology of Manchester. 



It has usually been assumed that the surface features of the pre- 

 Glacial land have been obscured by the Glacial deposits, which have 

 filled up the valleys, levelling-up the surface generally, and that it is 

 through these deposits that the rivers are now cutting their valleys. 

 The absence of relationship between the pre- Glacial and present con- 

 tours bears out this assumption. But it may be seen that on the 

 whole the pre-Glacial surface was smoother than the present one. 

 This is only to be expected, as the elevation of the land and the 

 addition of the Drift to the old surface would naturally give the 

 streams renewed powers of vertical erosion, so causing them to have 

 more deeply entrenched valleys. 



LITERATURE 



E. W. Binney. i. " Sketch of the Geology of Manchester and 

 its Neighbourhood." Trans. Mane. Geol. Soc, Vol. I., 1841, 



P- 35-. 



2. " Sketch of the Drift Deposits of Manchester and its 



Neighbourhood." Mem. Mane. Lit. and Phil. Soc, Vol. VIII., 

 Series 2, 1848, p. 195. 



3. " On the Permian Beds of North- West England." Mem. 



Mane. Lit. and Phil. Soc, Vol. XII., Series 2, 1855, p. 209. 



4. " Additional Observations on the Permian Beds of North- 

 West England." Mem. Mane. Lit. and Phil. Soc, Vol. XIV., 

 Series 2, 1857, p. 103. 



5. " Additional Observations on the Permian Beds of South 



Lancashire." Proc Mane. Lit. and Phil. Soc, Vol. II., 1860- 

 1862, p. 137. 



6. " Remarks on Lancashire and Cheshire Drift." Proc 



Mane Lit. and Phil. Soc, Vol. III., 1862-1864, p. 214. 



7. " A Few Remarks on Mr. Hull's Additional Observations on 



the Drift Deposits and Recent Gravels in the Neighbourhood 

 of Manchester." Mem. Mane. Lit. and Phil. Soc, Vol. II., 

 Series 3, 1865, p. 462. 



8. " On a Section of Drift and Underlying Triassic and Coal 



Measures at Ardwick." Proc Mane. Lit. and Phil. Soc, Vol. 

 VI., 1866-1867, p. 119. 



9. " Notes on the Lancashire and Cheshire Drift " (read 1842). 



Trans. Mane Geol. Soc, Vol. VIII., 1868-1869, p. 30. 



10. " Notes on the Drift of the Eastern Parts of the Counties 



of Lancaster and Chester." Proc. Mane Lit. and Phil. Soc, 

 Vol. X., 1870-1871, p. 179. 



■ 11. '.' Additional Notes on the Lancashire Drift Deposits." 



Proc. Mane Lit. and Phil. Soc, Vol. XL, 1871-1872, p. 139. 



12. " Additional Notes on the Drift Deposits near Manchester." 



Proc. Mane Lit. and Phil. Soc, Vol. XII., 1872-1873, p. 12. 



