450 Intelligence and Miscellaneous Articles. 



1. The theory of magnetism put forth by Mr. Hughes as new is 

 only a repetition of the author's far older theory. 



2. The mutual relations between torsion and magnetism may, as 

 has already been set forth by the author, be referred to a rotation 

 of the magnetic molecules ; but they cannot, as argued by Maxwell 

 and by Chrystal, be explained solely by an extension and compres- 

 sion of the twisted wires. 



3. The rotations of the molecules produced by torsion in nickel 

 are exactly opposite to the rotations which they undergo in iron. 



4. When temporarily magnetized wires have attained their stage 

 of accommodation by being repeatedly twisted backwards and 

 forwards on their fixed limits, the degree of magnetization is 

 almost exactly the same at both limits ; but the magnetization at 

 the two limits of twisting differs in the case of temporary transverse 

 circular magnetization, or permanent magnetization of either kind. 



5. In all cases, by the torsion or detorsion of wires from one or 

 the other limit, the magnetic moment changes in nearly the same 

 way, and at first more quickly than by further twisting, so that the 

 maximum or minimum, and accordingly the average magnetization, 

 does not lie in the middle between the two limits. 



6. The latter values, moreover, do not coincide with the permanent 

 positions of equilibrium of the wires after removal of the twisting 

 forces. 



7. "When a wire is twisted backwards and forwards by given 

 forces between certain limits, after accommodation, the temporary 

 torsion corresponding to a mean force is less with increasing than 

 with decreasing forces. 



8. According to Righi, Iromme, and Warburg an analogous be- 

 haviour is likewise exhibited as regards the temporary magnetization 

 produced by increasing and decreasing magnetizing forces. This 

 subsists also after the complete accommodation of the molecules. 



9. The thermoelectric behaviour between alternately stretched 

 and unstretched wires and unaltered wires, observed by Cohn, agrees 

 generally with the results mentioned under 4 and 8 ; so also does 

 the thermoelectric behaviour of alternately twisted and untwisted 

 wires, as well as the corresponding changes in their conductivity. 



10. By repeated temporary torsion up to a fixed limit the per- 

 manent torsion of a wire gradually rises to a maximum. In like 

 manner, on repeated temporary magnetizations to the same degree, 

 the permanent magnetic moment rises to a maximum. 



11. Accordingly the molecules only attain their final positions of 

 equilibrium after repeated turnings and shifting between certain 

 limits, whether as the result of changes of figure, or as the result 

 of magnetization. Hence they do not at once yield completely to 

 the forces acting upon them at each instant. If a force opposite 

 in direction to the first one afterwards acts, the same thing happens ; 

 the lagging of the molecules in respect of the position due to the 

 original force can thus be always recognized. These further 

 analogies between changes of form and magnetization are a further 

 evidence for the mechanical theory of the latter. 



