SCIENCE. 



211 



as of all other pleasures, and all pain also, is explained on 

 the theory of selection. 



It is desire alone which leads to action. Among the 

 lower animals it is the momentary impulse which always 

 determines action. Hence these, if destitute of these pas- 

 sions in the gratification of which they preserve their exist- 

 ence and continue their kind, would speedily perish. 



In man both these desires are strong and constitute the 

 motive, either direct, or indirect, to the greater part of his 

 acts. 



There are of course other desires, many of which may be 

 regarded as derived from these, but some of which are 

 apparently also original and natural, but whatever they may 

 be they are in the nature of forces, and all the desires taken 

 together may be appropriately called the Social Forces. 

 These social forces readily fall into two groups and each of 

 these is capable of subdivision into subordinate groups, as 

 the following table will show : 



f I" Preservative j Positive, gustatory (pleasurable) 



v . , Forces. ( Negative, protective (painful.) 



-I I Direct (The sexual instinct, 



j Reproductive Forces.-! T ,■ ( Parental and consan- 

 (. ( lnmrect "| guineal affections. 



Forces. 



Non-essential 

 Forces. 



Esthetic. 



Emotional. 



Intellectual. 



Space forbids the elaboration of this table, and indeed it 

 scarcely requires it. I will only say a word on the last 

 group named in it, the intellectual forces. Upon this point 

 much confusion, and as I think, error prevails. It is at the 

 present time at least, a very small and uninfluential group. 

 Properly it embraces nothing beyond the mere yearnings of 

 the intellect. Its only basis is the pleasure of intellectual 

 action. 



I strenuously object to throwing the whole effect of mind 

 in social development into the class of social forces. The 

 social forces are indeed psychic, but they are not intellec- 

 tual. The intellect is in no true scientific sense a force. It 

 is not a motor influence. 



It is characteristic of every true natural force that the 

 body impelled or attracted by it moves in a straight line 

 from the impelling or towards the attracting object. If it 

 move in a curve or any but a straight line this is always 

 due to a plurality of forces acting in different directions. 

 This is true of all the social forces. Desire, wholly unac- 

 companied by reason, always impels in a direct line to- 

 wards its object. This is illustrated most clearly by the 

 acts of the lower animals. 



The fly buzzing against the transparent pane until ex- 

 hausted without sufficient intelligence to try another locality 

 is an example daily witnessed. Moths seeking a flame re- 

 gardless of its destructive power, and rising with scorched 

 wings, plunging anew into the fatal charm, show the action 

 of a force scarcely higher than the purely mechanical. It is 

 so with every form of desire. But for the intellectual agency, 

 to however slight a degree, all animal action, human action 

 included, would be of this direct character. The influence 

 of mind sustains the same relation to the true forces ol de- 

 sire that the rudder of a ship, moved by the helmsmen, sus- 

 tains to the sails acted upon by the wind. As it is not the 

 former that propels the ship so it is not mind that propels 

 society. The great results which are collectively termed 

 civilization are the direct outcome of these impulsive so- 

 cial forces, guided, of course, by intellect or reason. All 

 the efforts that have been put forth have been made solely 

 for the satisfaction of present desires. The end really 

 reached has not been the end sought. Function has been 

 totally ignored and feeling alone consulted. The ends of 

 Nature have been attained, not directly as objects of pur- 

 suit, but only indirectly through the means of Nature which 

 are the ends of the feeling creature. 



It has been remarked that owing to adaptive influences 

 these naturally independent lines leading respectively to 

 the ends of Nature and the ends of the sentient organism 

 converge to the same point. The effects produced by 

 obeying the desires in most cases arc the effects necessary 

 to preserve, perpetuate, and develop the organism. But 

 here is the fundamental distinction to be noted. These 

 functional effects are secondary. It is not to secure them 

 that the acts are performed. The beings performing them 



take no thought of them. The only effect in the mind of 

 the agent is the satisfaction of a present desire. It may be 

 safely said that this is almost universally the case even in 

 human action. 



But it may be asked what difference it makes, inasmuch 

 as the indirect or functional end is always secured by the 

 previous harmony brought about by adaptation. 



With non-progressive beings like the lower animals, it 

 may be admitted that it makes but little difference. Here 

 the chief interest centres on biological questions, questions 

 of anatomy, histology, morphology, etc., and therefore the. 

 objective or biological standpoint is usually, though not 

 always, sufficient. But with man, a progressive being, 

 whose actions transform the entire face of the planet and 

 lift him by rapid steps from one plane of activity and life 

 to another, it becomes of the utmost importance that the 

 true nature of his motives be scientifically understood ; 

 that the effects produced be attributed to their true imme- 

 diate causes and not to indirect or merely incidental ones. 

 Nutrition is not an end of human conduct in seeking food ; 

 it is the satisfaction of hunger. A family is rarely a direct 

 desideratum in human life. Every physician knows how 

 often it is an object of dread. It is only an incident. The 

 great blessings of accumulated wealth have never been the 

 immediate object of industry and financiering skill. These 

 are the direct results of that great derivative passion called 

 avarice which has been so unjustly condemned. Industry, 

 commerce, art, and often invention flow from the "love of 

 money," which has been most superficially called "the 

 root of all evil," when it is really the root of nearly all 

 good in civilization. Labor is performed and heroic deeds 

 achieved not to make the world richer and happier or set 

 examples of nobility for future ages, but to secure the im- 

 mediate wants of the individuals performing them, to gain 

 money and applause, to win the fair and to support them. 

 Avarice, ambition, love, each has accomplished its direct 

 results in the true civilization of the race. 



PROFESSOR EDWARD D. COPE 



The bibliography of Professor Edward D. Cope has been 

 ably written by Professor William Hosea Ballou, one of our 

 subscribers : — Professor Ballou states that, "the life of 

 Prof Cope is the index of all that is romantic in science. 

 A sketch of his literature would be void of much of the 

 interest attached without notation of some of the points in 

 his most extraordinary career. At the early age of sixteen 

 he began writing on scientific matters, though he must have 

 attained twenty-four years when his writings first began to 

 attract attention. He is one of the few living writers who 

 has been able to successfully turn at will from any depart- 

 ment of living biological forms to those whose remains are 

 found only in fossil state. From studies of this nature he 

 boldly enters the realms of metaphysics, bringing out an 

 astounding number of genuine contributions to knowledge. 

 In the bodies of learned men of which he is a leading fig- 

 ure, he astonishes all who hear him by the facility 

 with which he addresses or converses on topics 

 under discussion. He seems both in his writings 

 and speeches a man prolific in voluminous knowledge 

 of kindred subjects. His investigations have already 

 resulted in his naming upwards of 1,000 species new 

 to science, besides innumerable genera. He has written on 

 every existing family of vertebrates, and revolutionized the 

 classification of the amphibious animals by utilizing the 

 skull as a source of differential characters. The classifica- 

 tion of fishes has also been much modified by him. 



The best part of his work is undoubtedly comprised in 

 his paleontological (extinct animal) studies which have dis- 

 tinguished him throughout the scientific world. In 1879 l ' 1(J 

 Royal Geological Society of Great Britain awarded him a 

 medal for doing the most work in this line of any individ- 

 ual for the year." 



This interesting memoir can be found in the Chicago Field, 

 for August 21 and 2S, and with the list of Professor Cope's 

 literary papers and contributions, occupies eleven columns 

 of that journal. 



