228 



SCIENCE. 



California and Spain. Third belt, Dureago (Mexico), 

 Peru and China. Fourth belt, Malacca and Banca. 

 Fifth. Bolivia, (S. America) Queensland and Northern 

 New South Wales, in Australia, in about the parallel 

 of 22 to 23 S. Lat. 



5. Lead. The diamagnetic arrangement of the 

 localities in which this metal is most abundantly 

 found, may be rendered equally apparent, whether 

 we follow the Galena and other ores in belts, on par- 

 allels around the globe, or connect these metallic de- 

 posits by curves from the Boothia Felix focus, for 

 North America, and the Scandinavian focus for 

 Europe. Thus, first belt in North America, from Arctic 

 focus, Idaho, Wisconsin, Iowa, Northern Illinois, Ver- 

 mont, New Hampshire and Maine ; second belt, 

 Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Missouri, Southern Illinois, 

 New York, Connecticut ; third belt, California, New 

 Mexico, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina ; 

 fourth, Fort Yuma, and Arizona; fifth, the argen- 

 tiferous Galena of Mexico. 



In Europe there are from the Scandinavian focus 

 four belts ; first, that of Scotland and Saxony ; 

 second, of England and Bohemia ; third, the lead 

 mines of France ; fourth, those of Spain, often 

 argentiferous. 



6. Zinc. From the Scandinavian focus, we trace 

 one curve, which marks the zinc belt of England, 

 Belgium and Germany ; another that of France and 

 Austria. In Asia, from the North Siberian focus, a 

 belt connects the zinc of the Alati mountain with that 

 of China. In the United States, if we take the Lake 

 Superior focus as a center, we can bring within one 

 belt the various zinc ores of Tennessee. Virginia, 

 Pennsylvania, and the abundant deposits of New 

 Jersey, as well as the zinc localities of New York, 

 Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine. 



7. Antimony. From the Lake Superior focus, a 

 semicircle unites, in one belt, the ores of Antimony 

 found in Maryland, New Hampshire and Maine, while 

 just outside is a curve or zone uniting the mines 

 worked in Sonora (Mexico) with those of New 

 Brunswick. 



In Europe, with Mount Rosa for a center, the 

 Tertiary circles (radius nine degrees), described in the 

 former communication, passes through the zinc of 

 Cornwall (England), of Spain and of Hungary. 



8. Bismuth. A belt in the United States, with Lake 

 Superior for a center, unites the bismuth found in 

 Montana, Arizona and Colorado, with that of Georgia 

 and South and North Carolina. 



In Europe, the bismuth of Norway and Sweden are 

 in one curve from the Scandinavian focus ; that of 

 England, Saxon}- and Bohemia constitutes a second 

 1 urve. . Bismuth is also found in Australia, nearly on 

 the parallel of latitude on which it is obtained in Chili 

 and Bolivia (South America). 



These demonstrations, or coincident facts, may, 

 perhaps, suffice to test the truth of the law, which ap- 

 pears to be similar in character to that governing the 

 formation of land. 



Metals and metallic ores would seem, then, most 

 frequently, to have arranged themselves, particularly 

 when diamagnetic, as a large majority of bodies are, in 



( urves. equi distant from some dynamic focus. 



It is hoped the above generalization may aid the 

 miner and mineralogist in their search after mineral 

 wealth. 



THE UNITY OF NATURE. 



By the Duke of Argyll. 



II. 



Man is included in the Unity of Nature, in the first place, 

 as regards the composition of his body. Out of the ordi- 

 nary elements of the material world is that body made, and 

 into those elements it is resolved again. With all its beau- 

 ties of form and of expression, with all its marvels of 

 structure and of function, there is nothing whatever in it ex- 

 cept some few of the elementary substances which are 

 common in the atmosphere and the soil. The four principal 

 gases, with lime, potash, and a little iron, sodium, and 

 phosphorus, these are the constituents of the human body 

 — of these in different combinations — and, so far as we 

 know, of nothing else. The same general composition, 

 with here and there an ingredient less or more, prevails 

 throughout the whole animal and vegetable world, and its 

 elements are the commonest in the inorganic kingdom also. 

 This may seem a rude, and it is certainly a rudimentary 

 view of the relation which prevails between ourselves and 

 the world around us. And yet it is the foundation, or at 

 least one of the foundations, on which all other relations 

 depend. It is because of the composition of our body, that 

 the animals and plants around us are capable of ministering 

 to our support — that the common air is to us the very breath of 

 life, and that herbs and minerals in abundance have either 

 poisoning properties or healing virtue. For both of these ef- 

 fects are alike the evidence of some relation to the organism 

 they affect ; and both are in different degrees so prevalent and 

 pervading, that of very few things indeed can it be said that 

 they are wholly inert upon us. Yet there is no substance of 

 the thousands which in one manner or another affect the 

 body, which does not so affect it by virtue of some relation 

 which it bears to the elements of which that body is com- 

 posed, or to the combinations into which those elements 

 have been cast. 



And here we ascend one step higher among the facts 

 which include Man within the unities of Nature. For he is 

 united with the world in which he moves, not only by the 

 elements of which his body is composed, but also by the 

 methods in which those elements are combined — the forces 

 by which they are held together, and the principles of con- 

 struction according to which they are built up into separate 

 organs for the discharge of separate functions. Science has 

 cast no light on the ultimate nature of Life. But whatever 

 it be, it has evidently fundamental elements which are the 

 same throughout the whole circle of the organic world ; the 

 same in their relations to the inorganic ; the same in the 

 powers by which are carried on thegreat functions of nutri- 

 tion, of growth, of respiration, and reproduction. There are, 

 indeed, infinitely varied modifications in the mechanism of 

 the same organs to accommodate them to innumerably dif- 

 ferent modes by which different animals obtain their food, 

 their oxygen, and their means of movement. Yet so evi- 

 dent is the unity which prevails throughout, that physiolog- 

 ists are compelled to recognise the fundamental facts of 

 organic life as "the same, from the lowest animal inhabit- 

 ing a stagnant pool up to the glorious mechanism of the 

 human form." ' 



This language is not the expression of mere poetic fancy, 

 nor is it founded on dim and vague analogies. It is founded 

 on the most definite facts which can be ascertained of the 

 ultimate phenomena of organic life, and it expresses the 

 clearest conceptions that can be formed of its essential 

 properties. The creature which naturalists call the Amceba, 

 one of the lowest in the animal scries, consists of nothing 

 but an apparently simple and formless jelly. But simple 

 and formless as it appears to be, this jelly exhibits all the 

 wonder and mystery of that power which we know as Life. 

 It is in virtue of that power that the dead or inorganic 

 elements oi which it is composed are held together in a 

 special and delicate combination, which no other power can 

 preserve in union, and which begins to dissolve the moment 

 that power departs. And as in virtue of this power the 

 constituent elements are held in a peculiar relation to each 

 other, so in virtue of the same power does the combination 

 possess peculiar relations with external things. It has the 



'On the Nervous Sy-tcm, by Alex. Shaw. Appendix to Sir Ch 

 Hell's " Anatomy of Expression. 



irles 



