1911] Fernald,— Expedition to Newfoundland 151 
to Suffolk County, Long Island, but is unknown east of Long Island 
except in the famous swamp on Cape Ann (120 miles in a straight 
line from the nearest Long Island station) where it has been known 
since the days of Menasseh Cutler. Betula nigra, the River or Red 
Birch so characteristic of swamps and river-banks from Texas to 
Florida and throughout the lower Mississippi region, extends up our 
coastal plain to Suffolk County, Long Island, but, save along the lower 
Merrimac and adjacent regions of southern New Hampshire and 
northeastern Massachusetts, 115 miles from the Long Island area, 
is unknown in New England. Echinodorus tenellus is found at 
various stations in the Mississippi valley and about the Gulf of Mexico 
and the southern coast, but northeast of Canterbury, Delaware, is 
known only around ponds of Middlesex County, Massachusetts (a gap 
of 340 miles). Scirpus Hallii, originally described from Texas, is 
abundant on the shores of Winter Pond in Middlesex County, Massa- 
chusetts, but, though it is the most distinct and easily recognized 
species of its subgenus, it is unknown elsewhere in the Atlantic states 
north of Decatur County, Georgia, and Indian River, Florida, 1115 
miles away. These few cases, as said, are typical of this large class 
of plants, for were the ranges of the remainder of the 118 species 
very closely scrutinized similar broad gaps in their northern distribu- 
tion would be quickly apparent— such very local plants in our flora 
as Lycopodium alopecuroides, Najas quadalupensis,: Panicum verru- 
cosum, P. scoparium,? Leptochloa fascicularis, Eleocharis interstincta,? 
E. quadrangulata, E. Torreyana, E. tricostata,t Scirpus Longii,> Ryncho- 
spora Torreyana,’ Scleria reticularis, Carex ptychocarpa, C. subulata, 
Orontium aquaticum, Juncus brachycarpus,’ J. aristulatus, Saururus 
cernuus, Rumex hastatulus, Sagina decumbens, Linum floridanum, 
Ilex opaca, Ascyrum hypericoides, Opuntia vulgaris, Cuscuta arvensis, 
Stachys ambigua,! Gerardia parvifolia, Viburnum venosum, Sclerolems 
‘See Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxv. 908). 
* See Hitchcock & Chase, Cont. Nat. Herb. xv. 295 (1910). 
* See Wiegand, Hinovons. xi. 83 (1909). 
shea Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxy. 480 (1908). 
See Ruopora, xiii. 6 (1911) 
: : 
PS cea B. Graves, Ruopora, iv. 27 (1902); and G. G. Kenn i Dr 
ie 6 vee observation that at Scituate, Massachusetts, Juncus brachycarpus grew 
reddish soil quite different from the general e e 
The gravel was in small ; a 
equal sized particles with a peculiar greasy feeling to the hand 
r the soil were observed elsewhere,”’ is peculiarly interesting, 
and neither the plant no 
fessor ah wman has shown (Science, n. s. xxi. 994) that at Scituate 
