242 Original Articles. [Aprilj 



value (pecunia and fee), roamed not from pasture to pasture, but were 

 protected by stables and enclosures. The rites of hospitality re- 

 quired the fatted calf for the stranger. The vine* had flourished 

 since the days of Noah. On the daughtersf of the tribe devolved the 

 duty of milking and churning ; and the products of their industry with 

 flesh of the flock, which they could season with salt, formed the staple 

 food of all classes, though barley, and perhaps other kinds of corn, 

 and some vegetables, were not unknown. A little later, when the 

 North parted from the South, J the plough was introduced, the oxen 

 were yoked to it, and agriculture began to advance. The life was no 

 longer exclusively pastoral ; they sowed different sorts of grain, 

 cultivated vegetables, planted the vine, pressed the olive in order to 

 extract the oil : hence instruments had to be made, trades arose, a 

 division of labour was begun. The carpenter had his knife, hatchet, 

 auger, hammer, perhaps even a saw, but we know not of what mate- 

 rial — stone, bronze, or iron. The distinction between these latter 

 metals is not clear, but they possessed others — gold, silver, and tin, 

 from all of which objects of finery were fashioned. Bronze was har- 

 dened by hammering and tempering ; it was sharpened ; and arms 

 formed of it could be furbished ; in working it the forge with bel- 

 lows, pincers, hammer, anvil, were put in requisition. 



By their knowledge of corn, as an edible product, they esteemed 

 themselves advanced in civilization far above the barbarians, who, 

 they supposed, existed on acorns and beech-nuts. Spinning and 

 weaving wool and hemp and flax, were practised ; needles and thread 

 were not unknown. The art of the potter was developed in many 

 directions, and his productions took their place beside the articles 

 of wood and stone in the dwellings of these shepherds. 



They did not dwell in tents like Arabs, nor in waggons like 

 Scythians, but how their dwellings were constructed we know not ; 

 though that they were not the mere huts of savages, we may judge 

 from the fact that they knew of doors, openings for windows, domestic 

 hearths, and separate chambers for sleeping. These dwellings with 

 their stables and enclosures, generally it is supposed stood alone, but 

 villages, and even small towns encircled by a wall, were occasionally 

 to be found. What the ordinary dress of that period might be we 

 cannot tell, but we may well suppose that the golden finger-rings, 

 tores, bracelets, and neck-rings of a later time, were preserved from 

 these early days, being less destructible than many more useful 

 articles, and taking considerable time to acquire in the numbers, 



their original habitat either in Central Asia, the Eastern coast of Africa, or on 

 the shores of the Mediterranean in Southern Europe. 



* The Hebrew word for wine J" is closely allied to the Aryan-root of Volvos, 

 vinum, wine. Sans, vena beloved, used in the Vedas for the ambrosial Sama. As 

 yet no philosophic attempt has been made to compare the Semitic with the 

 Aryau roots, 



t Daughter, Sans, duhitar, the milkmaid. See M. Miiller, in 'Oxford Essays, 

 1856.' 



X The words now have their roots only in Sanscrit, the entire words are 

 common to the northern nations of the Aryan family alone. 



