1865.] Tlie Cultivation of Quinine. 349 



extinct in consequence of being stripped of their bark, and no means 

 being taken to replace the trees which were felled for decortication. 

 The Dutch Government introduced the Quinine trees into Batavia in 

 1852. The original plant died, but two slips taken from it to 

 Buitenzorg, continued to thrive, and in 1862 acquired a height of 

 20 feet. M. Hasskarl was appointed to take charge of collecting 

 Quinine plants and seeds for Java. He landed at Batavia on 13th 

 December, 1854, with 21 chests of Quinine plants, and he was en- 

 trusted with the management of the plantations. In 1856, he was 

 succeeded by M. P. W. Junghuhn, who died in 1864. 



Besides the true Calisaya bark, there were several other species 

 cultivated, and among them a new species which received the name of 

 Cinchona Pahudiana, after M. Charles F. Pahud, Minister of the 

 Colonies, in the Netherlands. The plants were at first propagated 

 by seeds and the process was slow, but Mr. MTvor, at Ootacamund, 

 subsequently ascertained that the plants could be much more rapidly 

 and extensively propagated by slips, and this led to a rapid increase. 

 "When M. Junghuhn undertook the management in July, 1856, there 

 were 251 living plants, 1,650 slips ; but at the end of December, 1863, 

 there were 1,151,810 Quinine plants in the Java plantations, of which 

 539,050 were growing in the open air, and 612,771 in the sprouting 

 beds and nurseries, besides nearly 7,000 live slips. The plants con- 

 sisted of : — 



Cincbona Calisaya 



12,090 



„ lancifolia 



251 



„ succirubra 



89 



„ lanceolata 



128 



„ micrantha 



1 



„ Pahudiana 



. 1,139,248 



These were distributed in plantations varying from 4,440 to 6,830 feet 

 above the level of the sea. 



In 1855 an unsuccessful attempt was made to introduce the Quinine 

 trees into British India. In 1859, Mr. Clements B. Markham pro- 

 ceeded to South America in order to procure plants for India. The 

 plants transmitted by him to Ootacamund died, but he made arrange- 

 ments for the transmission of plants and seeds, which have now been 

 successfully cultivated at Darjeeling, at the foot of the Himalaya ; at 

 Hakgalle, near Newera Ellia, in Ceylon ; and at Ootacamund, in the 

 Neilgherries. The Darjeeling plantation is under the charge of Dr. 

 Thomas Anderson, superintendent of the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, 

 and in 1864 it contained about 20,000 plants. The Ceylon plantation, 

 5,200 feet above the level of the sea, is managed by Mi". M c Nicoll, under 

 the superintendence of Mr. G. H. K. Thwaites, Director of the Botanic 

 Garden at Peradenia. At the end of 1863 this plantation contained 

 22,050 Quinine plants. The plantation at Ootacamund, 7,500 feet above 

 the level of the sea, as well as a branch one at Neddiwuttum, is super- 

 intended by Mr. M c Ivor, who has done much by his mode of cultivation 

 to promote the increase of the trees in India. In 1861 there were 172 

 young plants at Ootacamund, and in 1863 they had increased to 277,083. 

 Thev were chieflv C. succirubra. or the red bark. An important im- 



2 b 2 



