1865.] Botany and Vegetable Physiology. 659 



Northern Lapland, as, for instance, about Altenfiord ; while to find a 

 vegetation analogous to that of Spitzbergen we must ascend on the 

 Alps above the limit of perpetual snow. 



Botanical Excursion to Eastern Lapland. 



M. Fellman, accompanied by MM. Brenner and Laurin, students 

 of the University of Helsingfors, and a pupil of the Botanic Garden 

 of the University, made a trip to Lapland lately, and collected about 

 300 species of Phanerogamous plants, 20 species of Ferns, and several 

 Lichens. The party proceeded from Sordavala to Petrosavodsk, Ki- 

 watsch, and Sunia on the southern coast of the White Sea. Afterwards 

 they went to the islands of Solovetskoi, and to Kem and Keret on the 

 western shore of the White Sea. The Gulf of Kantalaks, and Umba, 

 a Russian village on the southern coast of the peninsula of Lapland, 

 were then visited. In this valley the people live by fishing ; no part 

 of the land is cultivated, if we except the western side, where some 

 potatoes are raised. About six leagues east from Umba is the small 

 peninsula of Turii, the western coast of which is granitic and rocky, 

 while the east is flat and sandy as far as Pialitsa, where some clay and 

 a few rocks are met with. The forests of the southern coast of Turii 

 consist of Birch and Spruce. The latter attains here the height of 

 25 feet, with a circumference of 2 feet. Pinus sylvestris does not bear 

 the maritime climate, but retires about two leagues from the sea. The 

 vegetation of this desert region consisted of Cladonia, Stereocaulon, 

 Platysma nivale, aud Empetrum nigrum : in some humid spots are found 

 Salix glauca and S. phylicifolia. Such treeless deserts are here called 

 Tundra. Baer divides them into Flechten tundra (dry tundra), where 

 Lichens predominate, and Moos tundra (moist tundra), where Mosses, 

 especially Sphagnum and Polytrichum, abound. Besides the plants 

 mentioned the following also occur : — Arctostaphylos alpina, Calam- 

 agrostis neglecta, various species of Festuca, Carex ampullacea, Erio- 

 phorum angustifolium, E. vjginatum and E. alpinum, Betula nana and 

 Juniperus communis. 



The travellers proceeded to Ponoi, situated on a river of the 

 same name, the banks of which presented a luxuriant vegetation. 

 Eighteen days were spent in the examination of the Flora of Ponoi. 

 Among the plants collected may be noticed the following : — Poa 

 cassia, P. sudetica var. remota, Eriophorum Callithrix, Luzula hyperborea, 

 Gentiana tenella and G. nivalis, Paionia anomala, Androsace septen- 

 trionalis, Pedicularis sudetica, Armeria arctica, Thalictrum rariflorum, 

 Eutrema Edwardsii, Draba hirta, Arenaria ciliata, Cotoneaster vulgaris, 

 Air a alpina, Juncus glaucus, I. castaneus, Aster sibiricus, Ligularia 

 sibirica, Hedysarum obscurum, Cineraria campestris, Veratrum lobclia- 

 num, Acon'dum Lycoctonum, Senecio octoglossus, Vicia sylvatica, Daphne 

 Mezereum, Lychnis alpina. The common heather, Calluna vulgaris, is 

 not seen at Ponoi. 



The inhabitants of Ponoi are half Russians, half Laps ; they 

 live together in harmony. On the southern side of the Peninsula 

 the population is entirely Russian. During the summer the Lap- 



