FOR 
dey part, and there are three or four briftles at the 
Tt moves about very {wiftly, and lives on rocks and am 
ftones. 
ORGAVEL, Forcasutum, in Antiquity, a {mall 
referved rent in money, or quit-rents. 
FORGE, properly aa is any kind of furnace, 
the heat of which is afford the aétion of bellows, 
The term, however, is now more say shames applied to 
the common {mith’s forge, and to the forge ufed for the 
a aie of bar iron, Fora Beeestr of the latter, 
vA peculiar {pecies of forge is alfo ufed for the manufac- 
ture of fhear fteel ; l; for an account of which, fee Srert 
kinds and fizes, agreeable 
The double bellows are chiefly ufed for ce working of 
iron, and fingle ones for fteel. The do uble bellows are apt 
o blow fome time after the oo takes out one of his 
irons; and asin working fteel, the heat is lefs than that 
r irony the rod z fteel, if left in the fire, 
e workmen term it. 
e bellows are, therefo  ehiee a adapted. for this 
t does act ‘eonunue after the work- 
man leaves the ws, 
e fir ee is generally a flat hearth, nearly on a level 
with the blaft, on which the fuel is placed, which moftly 
In {mithery, homer. 
e caa 
ree from 2 Abie poffible, 
as the fulphur of that arene is found to be very injurious 
“to the metal... In all cafes where wane is required, the 
sa pak prevents the adhefion, If pyrites thould by 
ent Saas o the tire, the beft means to get rid of it is 
antity of iron-filings into the fire, which im- 
d for fome ar the pieces 
mall, aa are fo light as to be blown 
bellows, feparating the fuel fan the iron. 
onvenience is rem nee taking away thefe {mall 
particles from ti oO time. It, however, may be much 
eafier removed by a contrivance which is not in general ufe. 
This is effeCted by making the bed of the hearth a grate, 
about four. inches below the level of the blaft. The imal 
duft, paffing through the grate upon an inclined plane, 
carried away, leaving — on the hearth but the le 
uel. 
lum 
become exceedingly {m 
the 
thick ci tube is 5 placed between the bellows and 
the fire, called the tuiron. It is funnel-fhaped at the end 
next the bellows, for the reception of the 1 err _ the bel- 
lows; and has a cylindric hole, from about t iddle to 
the ns i ‘a little lefs than the aperture - ne nozel 
of the bel ee 
ns were contrived of preventing the tuiron 
is now called the neon are It confifts o 
e the common tuiron, having a crooked ite pala 
diugh the signed of it. One end of the tube, at fome dif- 
tance from the twiron, is inferfed into the bottom of a tub, 
filled with nes the othe 
pafies over-the top of the tub: fo that the cold water has 
conftant accefs to = peo of the tuiron, which the heat of 
the fire raifes into v vapour pafles up the other 
ates which peer eny e is difcharged iato the tub. By 
ue XV. 
r end coming from the tuiron 
FOR 
sie meant, it is evident that the tuiron can never much ex- 
th at I thee th water, is contri 
1 
grate of the hearth, winch would at any rate be an interrup- 
tion to the blaft 
The large quantity af oxygen conftantly blown wee on 
fire, upon thei sipe at fo high a temperature, caufes 2 
rapid oxydation of the me tal. This oxyd has fone ae 
bagel to wichence and confequently to preven the iron, 
in fome mealure, from the future geri of oxygen. Since, 
vitreous egotn with 
mith is in = " bit of vane 4 a 
powder of any, ftone of a fandy na When the iron 
aan nearly of a welding heat, he. a it out to immerfe 
in the powdered fand. A thin fluid fubftance is imme- 
liate ey) {een to flow over the heated furface, dats peipice the 
tal from the oxygen. Inthe welding o iéce o 
iron to another, the ufe of fand is highly piper. and 
more particularly in welding fteel to hen the tw 
furfaces are brought together, the ox od of iron, with the 
oe is aan by reafon of its great fluidity. If, however, 
e oxyd were not rendered thus oiaaeg it would remain and 
eve the adhieiee of the furfac 
Lead is found to be very injurious to the {mith?s fire; it 
combines with fomething on the furface of the iron, n, which 
makes it. unfit for welding. Ite batencet is eafily known, as 
the iron affected with it makes a brown mark u on the 
anvil, The ftrongeft heat ot a forge is at about two incues. 
from, and a little above the aperture o of the tuiron. 
orge is alfo ufled by braziers, copper-fmiths, and in 
os plated manufaGories. ra bage of a hearth like the 
a 
t is ufed 
etter adapted than the com- 
mon forge e, as the air is pedicel at bottom, like the com. 
mon airfurnace. See Furnace. 
Forging confifts in changing the form of fuch malleable 
metals as may have been heated for that purpofe in the fite 
sg the forge, by means of the hammer and other inftru. 
ents ufed in {mither 
“Seve of thefe proceffes are yoke on by machinery 
orked by water or ftea manufacture of bar 
iron » very large maffes of this ao: “called blooms, are 
drawn into bars by an immenfe hammér, worked by a water 
wheel, or the fteam-engine. See Iron. 
The forging of fcythes isalfo abt by fimilar power, 
which by the workmen is-called fkelping. YTHE. 
‘ging, however, more properly oe to the forming 
of various utenfils from iron, and other malleable metals. 
avg 9 
ao 
afs 
round {mooth on the furface. "The 
fame materials, and are of different pe eae to the na- 
ture of the work. If the work is heavy, befidesthe perfon 
who holds the fubftance to be hammered, a fecond, and 
fometimes a third and fourth perfon ftrike in turns at the 
heated body. If the body requires to be made round, in- 
1 ftrumeats 
