F.OR 
be 9 fo frikingly defcribes. « In this finuous navigation, 
were t riner to truft pete! ae - seas he would have 
. wait for the b bene a the 
feveral times over.”’ 
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4 
loa ato a ba 
of confideratle. eet 
tration of the river at Que n’s aes where it is not more 
re ae ore wide ; and fill further by the {mall fortified 
ifland of Inc 8 Lear ae in its channel; forms o one of 
the ani roadfte e.iflan 
frith, with fever ) fall illands, ‘and o 
both on the nor thern and. ae thern aie ; pareicularly 
Leith roads, where it is nine miles over 3 and wafhing the 
fhores of Ha tadington es Fife, falls into the German ocean, 
The river abounds w arious kinds of Sa nod and fe- 
veral valuable falmon ie are eftablithe 
part of its courfe; particularly at Alloa, Rcd, Tor- 
ryburne, and Culrofs: and the frith ufually receives an an- 
nual vifit of a fhoal of herrings, equal.to thofe frequenting 
other parts of the eaftern coaft. The Forth is navigable up 
8 
yde. rom this 
and the eae flores of. 
wella 
eccafion fuch a refort of _ that the oma of tke 
Forth nearly rivals the Tha 
Fortra and Clyde ca nal, is isa eee: cut, which, 
neBtng ae rivers Forth and Clyde, forms a janétion bees een 
an ocean and the Truth fea. The utility of con- 
deine liege rivers, for the purpofe of. extending their navi- 
ati 
the upper. 
ieaae ret of, 
FOR 
again to make a furvey and eftimate for cutting @ canal, oF 
ag a breadth and to ba A as Me uld admit coafting veflele 
pafs from fea fubicripti 
Ss 
. and 
e year 1784, when the agnek 
aine d 50, ooe/. by: Te bie es, and an a@ of 
fo re Whitworth, being 
appointed engineer, “began to eae. with great vigour | 
and effect the further execution of the original plan. 
hus,.. 
a communication is, 
formed between the great emporium of ste north, Glafgow 
and both fides of the ifland. The whole length of the 
canal is thirty-five miles from the mouth of the ial Carron, 
to oe on the banks of rg Cly 
a falling 160 feet, by means of 39 loc 
t paffes over rocks, ‘dno rough precipices,: rien, es, over. 
oe fands, and in places is guarded by b anks twenty feet 
high; croffes ae confiderable rivers, the Kelvin, and Lug-. 
gie, with n ous rivulets and ftreams, by 10 nee 
and 33 ale aueeds &s or water bridge 
the former river is a grand re coding of po 
arches, the centre one — whic his 90 feet, f 
abe a in the {pa 
aid 3d 
The dim cates of it oe wae contraéted from the, 
original defign, are fas fuperior to any work of the kind: in 
outh Britam. he Englifh canals are in general from, 
hree to five f p; from 20 to 30 feet wide; and the 
lock gates from ten to twelve feet ; ently a 
vi uffici 
urpofes of inland carriage, fro 
one town to pa ee for ate ht ere exclufiv el a 
figned. eid saiiicalats a enable the reader 
ifon 
gation mutt be obvious to every refleGting mind, and in no to inftitute a ea 
mitance did the geographical features of the-country, and. Feet. 
he circumftances which imperioufly called for the execu- The ‘mcdiaed width erties Gites ae 56 
tion of fuch a work, appear more ftriking than in this. The 1s of ihe boom : = 2 
two rivers appeared to look with leyes towards ea Depth on the average from fea to fea - 3 
other, and a:natural paflage pie _ paket the The fall of each of the 39 locks eae “B 
ae 7 . 4 re i" te ae ba a a The breadth of each lock : os 20. 
this being: made, the trade of this poffeffed no c aes wit 7 er 
the a Ge of the ifland, but ys enfe m e dif- pete et woh Gen TeWecr ie gates ae 
tance roundthe Land’s End; or by the “Tel facie aaoue, The baa igaia! for fupplying the canal with water was. 
but dangerous paflage of Pentlarid frith. Such an idea was alone ad t and arduous undertaking. No lefs than fix 
conceived fo early as th of Charles II., and the refervoirs were e foun d-expedient ; one near Kylfith covers a 
{cheme met with fome confideration ; but that was not-an furface of so acres of land; an other confifts of 70 3: ai 
age for this kind of national impro ement. It then lay. whole occupy about 409, containing by meafurement 
dormant till the year 17439 when a furvey was made of the 12,679 lockfulls of water. The expence of the w! le con- 
line of cou b ordon; fill the pinata was cern amounted to 3c0,000/, The toll for the whole line is 
declin ned by the err eration of the expence. a in 55. er-ton; againft this is to be placed fafety, time 
be in 17623 and a {urvey.. made by a Mr. Mac ee H,a gained in pafling from coaft to co nd the diff rence 
, Smeaton in n 1754, From hele farveys ae infurance, that ufually in time of war being ip coating it 
other by 
prdicaby ot the plan was afcertained, but its eligibility 
ueftioned on the ground of the eftimated expence,; 
pet thaatends pounds, In the mean whilea {maller canal was: 
lade to extend from Glafgow to the Forth ; parliament, 
ever, refufed to fanétion the fcheme on account of the: 
(otek of the fcale. Mr. Smeaton os then called in 
4 
_ FORTIF ICATION, ee alfo Miliary Arcbitedur ey 
is the art of fortifying or ftrengthening a place, by making 
works around the Bae. to render it capable of being a 
