FORTIFICATION. 
France; Stevinus, ae eee to the prince of Orange ; 
Marolois, the chevalier dé Ville, Lorini, Coehorn, the count 
de Pagan, and the marfhal de Vauban ; which laft two rae 
authors have contributed greatly to the perfection of t 
art. Too whom may add Scheiter, Mallet, Belidér, 
Blondel, Muller, nie 
Under the head of ConsTRUCTION, Military, we have 
entered at length on the feveral proport‘ons of fortifications 
confidered in “its aie sovig ieee and have fhewn the 
s formed and fituated according 
to the fyftems cignea b ihe moft celebrated engineers ; 
therefore we abftain from giving, in this aaa any — 
of their feveral principles; confining ourfelves to whatever 
may appertain to the {cience in a general point o oe iew. 
TIFICATION, be Fitinguithed into 
z. the elez ementary, oF ae ‘etical, and pr acdtical. 
» fortification confitts i in tracing 
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hacen bridges, 
Fortification a is pa offenfive or ee aa 
Senfir ive fertitication is the fame with the attack of a plac of 
the art of making aad canaeaae “al the different 
are ina ‘fiege, in order to gain poffeffion of the place, 
See Arracx and Srece, 
Forti Lage dae ive, or Defence, is the art of de- 
fending a is cy with all the advantages 
which the fortification of it it admit. See DEFENCE. 
divided into two diftin& branches, 
viz. natural and ‘artificial ; and again into regul d ir- 
egular. In natural fortification but little is required of the 
engineer ; th nces Pre by fituati aol inac- 
ceffible rendering th of art fometimes fuperfluous, or 
nearly fo ; t ore, in re inftances but a additions 
are needful, and thofe chiefly with the intention of prevent- 
a 
a dif “iy of t 
This Toots aay to offenfive and to defenfive con- 
ral purpofes of defending tow depots, com- 
manding, or poffefling eared. feaacions {couring thofe 
rts which admit of approach, proteCting or covering har- 
* = general, more — to felf-preferva- 
roul, ‘than a noy shige or to 
the ceaviscion oF ‘dom 
manner, fuch a 
they are 
are all paneer iy 
c. of armies while in the 
field; the trenches opened by ieee with all their fup- 
porting or-cautionary lines; batteries-nade on emer gency 5 
together with all, whatever term they may be 
Pepecaiet which have only a periodical utilit 
With refpe& to whatever relates to regular, fortifications, 
we have already, under STRUCTION, Military, dif- 
play bit not Rare! the f ft generally approved, but 
dee bad qu litie . for the expofition of hae 
pre-eminent to be depende nt on our ap plaufe, The ere 
the principles laid down by that great matter of the fcience, 
rrard, together shite the feveral variations adopted by 
Vauban; Blondel, c -agan, Bombelle, the Cherie de. 
Mecsas Sardi, i, Cochor, Belidor 3 the marquis de Montalem-. 
be 
trafted is the moft pedpiedeus manner. me place 
we have furnifhed a complete detail of the rel features 
of regular fortification, and explained their feveral inten- 
7 
a triangle, a {quare, a circle, an elliplis, 
as may be ae ina regular manner according to geome- 
trical opera atio 
It is ufual, indeed indifpenfable, to divide the great fur- 
rounding a or circumference, nto as many faces, or 
portions, as may 
fuitable slag aceon 
- fyftems; n 
extent vt thefe faces muft be regulated as well b 
tent, as by the form of the area to be inclofed. 
cles may be divided into five or fix faees 
tenfive ovals may have fix alfo; while both circles and ovals. 
of greater range will demand one or iti 
ex- 
Sinall cir- 
bounds as may duly proportion the faces.and flanks i 
part, and keep the a within juft limits, 
tever may be arrangement, it mutt ever be at- 
tended to, as a eee axiom, that every part m may be 
defended by fome other ftanding within the ordinary point~ 
blank range of a mufket. Whenever this point is over- 
looked, the defences will be proportionably weakened, ac- 
cording to the undue prolongation of the faces, the abfence. 
of proteGting flanks, and the — eaiad of mu- 
tual ae 
Taken 
& 
n every 
nd half a a pentagon : whereas the hal of a {quare may be 
united with the ha ae of a hexago figure whofe 
multiple is 2. So m alf a pen ; 
a 
rtain for their ee terminations, 
which could of ne be eafil blen saa 
of an area be ele 
appropriate to the great fyftem "Cie. end ma} a ees orn. 
work, the othér a canoe, and the feveral pay of the 
