#ORTIFICATION, 
pies a be obliged te ‘allow the gertifon, . retreat by fome 
oppolite outlét, leaving ‘them m of a ruined 
for trefe' ! we the retreat be ade a gent citadel, “the ad- 
Vantage gained m ay be 
Pel be happy to~ Jape bal 
much time, trea and Ploodw 
Pane fnidoation is generally cre a - en natur e, and 
abounds with variety; no two fituations being exaly 
fimi he engineer a noble opportunity for the 
‘It often happens. that a {mall, or — 
to choofe, and that too wit thou uch 
fer deep 
m approa achi hing. 
in fances it i to allure towards fome 
Ena "This never fails to dilcourage, and at all events 
¢reatcs much doubt, while it eftablifhes the reputation o 
e defende them to be treated with much 
; rs, and caufe s 
diffidence and refpe&. 
The following praétical maxims, regarding the eonftruc- 
tion of aa abe may aie ve — a 
* a. The fpot.on which the works a onftruéted 
fhould determine their gues no so factifice of forenath fhould 
be made in order to preferve any regular form, that difpo- 
fition. ie the beft which occupies the ground to ‘the 
geet nee: xe, 
and approaches of every a 
fiiould be eueeed tothe direct fire of the defenders; ob- 
c 
ferving that the fmall arms being in fuch cafes of aan 
hole ounding country, for five hundred yards 
at lea, A uld be difcoverable, and open to the fire from 
the 
. Works that are intended for the defence of a defile, 
fhould always be wichin mufket fhot (i.e. 200 yards), fo 
dal 7 taken by the enemy, they may to him be a 
un able. 
‘ae flanking- se ae bg which ia at sight angles 
dre preferable, becaufe the five from one fac always 
Lar) 
oo 
iw 
#4 
man the © ‘works: 
proper attention t 
Ifa falantstngle is lefs fae 60 degree’ it will expofe 
oh 
its faces to be. enfiladed by an enemy fituated nearly in the 
line of its capital, and it will belides be weak. in many re- 
{pects 5 befides aaa the eerie defences from project- 
ing’ in a proper.manner,. left th eng become fubjeé} to 
its operatio NE,. “f the ane: re &e. it comport: 
fhould into the hands of the efeny. 
n the other hand, re-entering angles fhould never be 
ees; becaufe that is the utmoft {cope 
wed for t 
i an rarely 
graze upon the adjacent bees or - flank, when the ree 
entering angle exceeds 105 degrees; the declination of the 
embrafures not allowing more than from 10 to 12 degrees of 
lateral inclination. 
ways make the entrance to a redoubt, er other work 
of that ao fomewhere in its rear, or in whatever part 
be leaft expofed ;, taking efpecial care oe to cover the 
ee -by ee. either plain, curved, or angular, 
fuch as may expofe the enemy, fhould he attempt . force 
an. oS - a bey Sasa) alae as well as to fhowers of gre- 
nades, ftones any o de of annoyance, ere 
practicable, every A es "thould have a draw-bridge, or 
at leaft a cheva rize ; or, for want of them, an abdatis 
made of trees, of which the branches have been lopped to 
points outwardly arranged, may prove an excellent de- 
ence, 
8. Where the hid mutt be ade fomewhere in the . 
front it fhoald be in fome reetevng angle, a 
rved or saedae Gaetan. fo as t as vent cannon-fhots 
bon fcouring: the path-way. This may alfo be prevented 
by throwing feveral traverfes oa 3. oe all who enter 
ns of indentations in the la- 
‘mode is ill fuited to 
f-de- 
an Lens when taking poft, with ty view to f 
uals not to become expofed to fuc pa aid akan 
pow It is fometimes better to retreat altogether into a 
a ‘caine the entrance internally, than to cover it ex- 
teriorly, Every thing muft depend on circimftances ; but 
aid fhould be no means omitted to prevent the enemy from 
ming round on the flanks, as they will affuredly do, if 
local: ties may permit. 
o. A pofition commanded, oo by mufketry, fro 
any eminence in front, flank, or rear, muft, generally ipa 
ing, prove untenable. Whee ce epee for fuch ¢ 
may perhaps be cut off by coal: 
ments, raifed to a fuitable height, fo far as to obftru 
P 
m 
attack in that qa to aber don the po 
ha atone while hi $ force is Civided, or to 
rear to be acca: with 
agin: 
ot, open on all fides, w 
fuck cafe, be preferable 1 - any lines. oy covered i in their 
rear. 
In ia ce out a of detauce ec. make the faces 
dire re€ily towards thofe p moft fubje& to attack; keep. 
ing the angles Cie ie faliant) out of thofe, dire@ions 
that may fubje€&t them either to aflault, or to - enfiladed. 
. Knowing 
