FRE 
U cher Mark; 49 miles N. of Berlin, N.lat.33° 7'. E. long. 
D | o%. 
FREDERIC I. furnamed TT ag ee em- 
s the fo 
peror of Germany, born in 1121, Frederic 
duke of Swabia,.and fucceeded on cae Conrad III. o 
the imperial throne in 1152. His enterprifing and martial 
aa led him'to affert = prerogatives claimed by 
t erman. empi oon aiter he came to the crown he 
fet legen difpute between two rivals for ie crown of Den 
saa and obliged Sueno, the foetal one, to do him ee 
o fhew his i ndependence on the pope, with whom 
he begen to have difputes, he repudiated, by his own au- 
‘thority, his wife Aga. on account of - ‘confanguinity. 
"The troubles of Italy called him into that country m 1155, 
where he received the {ubmiffion of moft of the Italian great 
lords an hari At Pavia he was. crowned king of Italy, 
n interview with pope Adrian 1V. to whom he 
Ls 
a tumult, received t 
his hands, and then returned to Germany, 
meeting, gave fo muc 
letter from him, in which he pretended that he had conferred 
ey 
the empire u pon Fre eric by his own free > grace, that | the 
ith 
Aaa ny 
publicly gave the te to the pope’s ner eran This difpute 
wa maife d, and ae reduced to obedience Bo- 
Ieflaus, duke o of Poland, who.had afferted his independence. 
dier, and the c 66 “Ty he recent dees 
the hiftorian, “ ‘had re newed a icience 
claime 
properties of his fubjects.”” where arrogated the 
rights of unlimited fovereignty, a ed fire and {word 
through thofe’ places which ventured upon oppofition. On 
the death of Adrian IV. there was a violent (Ge with 
“regard to a fucceflor, and the emperor was excommunicated 
o had been chofen pope by the car- 
inals.. Frederic in revenge made himfelf mafter of Mila 
4n 1163, and gratified his ee by razing the city to 
the ground, as nothing b e churches. Thefe es 
bardy, and: ie returned to Germany, a out to meet 
Lewis the Young, king of France, at a aol to be held 
‘for terminating the papal {chifm, but it proved ineffectual. 
‘He was oblige again to crofs the aa to punifh his ene- 
mies, and upon return to German eA exander % was 
oa to Rom 
he antipope was now 
‘the gt aes with his meets aaa e. 
-fhort duration, for the pl ich ravages in the army 
‘that ke was obliged to ‘make a: ory erties With ut- 
‘moft difficulty he reached Alface with the wreck of his army, 
while the confederates in Lombardy irengineaed fee 
lexander received fuccours from t 
uel. Frederic appeafed the diforders 
of Sexony, where ces obles had taken up arms againft their 
oer eleftion of his eldeft - seit! to 
the Romans. 
> 
to) 
-into ie e 
him, and he wa totally defeat. ed is in ¥ 
oe at t Signanos 3 and about a fume time his fon Henry 
FRE 
was defea ‘ae ina eis? with the Venetians, and takes 
prifoner. The é of Frederic now -in Italy was fuch, 
that he propofed : an "accommodation Ww is oe dapeoe T. 
They had an interview at Venice in 1177. eror 
was very humble ae o os ae TY ctyed him from 
all ecclefiaftical cenfur ommunicated with him. 
This reconciliation pro eed the treaty of Conftance, in 
which Frederic confirmed the freedom of twenty-four cities 
with a refervation of his rights as fovereign. In 4183 the 
treaty of Placentia confirmed the agreement made between 
the emperor and the Lombard towns. Neverthelefs, new 
troubles were perpetually arifing from fources frequently 
unexpected: twice on the emperor’s rejecting the popes 
Lucius III, and 
Matilda’s eftates, called see Peter’s patrimeny. 
the greater part of this property, and by the marriage of 
hisfon Henry with the heirefs of William king of Sicily, 
fo far ftrengthened his intereft in Italy, that the popes, 
though they had many caufes of complaint againit him, 
were afraid to proceed to extremities. At length the news 
of the capture of Jerufalem by Saladin fufpended domeftic 
Chrifltians, and the emperor, as firft 
rols 1 wi 
e erofs in I 
sh ey ak and a number of the principal nobles of Ger- 
any. ing an army of 160,000 men in the plains 
of Hungary, ‘he proceeded to the territories of the Greek 
emperor, w o did a in in his power to impede their march, 
fo that F X redert Cc 
and to make his way by force. 
reached the Turkith frontier, took the city 
us, and was proceeding 
With a reduced army he 
of Icontum, 
ae career of 
tory, when Frederic, tempted by an ‘heat of the 
climate to ein f Cilicia, was carried away b 
he current and dro he enterprize.in which he had 
gy 
engaged would arbre have proved fatal, even had he 
efcaped this misfortune, for his fon and the reateft part of 
his army afterwards perifhed of a peftilential difeafe before 
the walls of Acre. Frederic died in 1190 in- the fixty- 
his age. Befides t 
- Univ. 
ERIC sreceding, -drid fon of 
the emperor Hen Conftance of Sicily, was born in 
He was lite king of the Romans in his cradle, 
but the premature death of his father prevented his fucceffion 
at the firft vacancy. He was educated with great care by his 
mother, and acquired the Greek, the Latin, German, French, 
and 'Turkifh angmage He afeended the throne when he was 
about eighteen s of age,’ in the full poffeflion of thofe 
ay Dar eee hich are expected to give luftre to a dia- 
pe 
cons oO 
Naples and oA the dukedon of Swabia, and other Ger- 
man territo When the emperor Otho Was excommuni- 
cated by es oe Freder and became 
peaceable poffeffor of ie Gagan throne ‘= the retreat and 
death of Otho. He was folemnly crowned at Aix-la-Cha. 
mer 12 I crown 
norius: Ill. _ He alfo caufed his-fon Henry to be declared 
king of the Romans, and eas upon oath that he w 
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