FREEZING. 
‘as lowas ‘7° or 8°, and gradually heated it again without any 
part of it being frozen. 8th. In the laft cafe of what may 
be. called. forced cooling, the law of expanfion is ftill obferved 
as given above. oth. When water is cooled to 1 ig? o¢ below 
tran{par arency ; but if 
inftantan 
the water is projected up t m. 
cooled below fone and in alee fudderly takes place, 
the temperature rifes inftantly to 32°.” e then: Laan 
as follows : * In order to explain thefe phenomena, let it 
conceived that the ultimate or {m elements of water a 
- globular, and exactly of the fame fize's ; let. the agen 
Plate XIV. Pnew- 
Smee. Sig- 4, fo that each perce spt four others in the 
fame horizontal plane. ea fecond ftratum of particles 
placed upon thefe in like ae of {quares, but fo that each glo- 
ei falls into the concavity of four others on the firft ftratum, 
onfequently refts upon four points, elevated 45° above 
ce cnoe of the a bu les. A perpen ndicular fettion of ras 
lobule, reftin al i 
exhibited in fg. 5. ce athird ftra 
manner upon the fecond, &c. the wae being fimilar to 
a, fquare pile of 'fhot.—The above conftitution is conceiv 
ry eet that of water at the temperature of greateft is 
aty. 
“To find the number of globules in a cubic veffel, the 
“fide of which is given; let » = the number of particles 
in one line or fide of the cube, then.2* is the number in an 
“horizontal SS an becaufe a line joining the centres of 
wo contiguous particles in different ftrata makes an angle 
Sv vith the ied plane, the number of ‘ftrata in the 
given height will be n + fin. of 45° Whence 
the number of particles in the cubic veffel ate iVva= 
= 
=n tiv 2. 
23 J 2, 
ee Now jet it be fuppofed that the Anare pile is inftantly 
drawn into the fhape of a pee then each ho- 
rizontal pale will fill confitt a ‘the me number of par- 
ticles as ae onl in a more condenfed form, each pam 
ticle being now in contaét with fix: others. But to coun- 
teract this condenfation, the feveral fucceffive ftrata are more 
elevated than before, fo that the pile is increaied in height. 
. qu ueftion then arifes, whether a velle 
da greater number of particles 
ea snd be obfer ved that in a laft cafe, each 
wo particles of an 
“ reprefented in fig. 7. The bafis of the two pilesare as 1: “4, 
and their heights as /%: “3; but the capacities are as the 
asia of en bafe and hei oe or as VE: : 43 that is, as 
07 to .750 nearly, or as 94 to Thus i it appears that 
the firft ar fangemen a more particles i ina given {pace 
than the fecond, y 6 per 
6'The laft or tis f fed to be that 
which the oe of water affume wpon Cc onge elat The 
ae gravities of ice.and water wae ee bes AS yQ4. 
too. But it — e remembered that. water ufually 
pee 2 per cent. in bulk of atinopherie air ; and that this 
air is _ erated spon coigelation, andis c mmonly entangled 
n fach ° ‘fo rt as to increale ts bulk. without 
avity of i ice 2 per cent. or aa es it «92, whi ¢ n agrees 
exactly with obfervation. ree the 1ft fact is explained, 
he angle of a rhombus is 60°, and its fupplement 1207 
if any particular angles are ae in the act of co aa 
oe therefore, -we oe to a ai agreeable to the 
2d and-3d phenom 
ew akc fnetena a ae 
difications in. the atmofpheres 
«In order to ei the, other phenomena, it will be re 
quilite to confider more particularly ee mode by which 
bodies are expanded by heat. Is fie Goab con occafioned 
fimply by the enlargement of the idl atmofpheres of 
the component particles ? 2? This is the cafe with elaftic fluids, 
eae other ed estar meta ea! ie i ny of ar- 
n ‘the compo 
pofible denfity has its particles pa ae in the {quare form ; 
but if a given quantity of heat be added si or a from 
t, the particles commence their appro to the m~ 
boi dal en and confequently ie ee is ex ned, and 
that the fame,- by the fame change of temperature, whether 
above or below that point. ; 
se heat be taken away from water of 38°, then expanfion 
is the confequence, and a moderate inclination of the parti- 
a seein the rhomboidal form; but this only Rsaiers a 
{mall way, whilft the mafs is fubje& to to a tremulous motion, 
fo as to relieve the obftruCtions etd by. fi8ion 3 by 
the energy of certain affinities, 
) 
5 OF 
% 
ro) 
ram 
S 
3 
°- 
3 
go. 
i=) 
° 
ie 
— 
Qo 
oO 
whole is congealed. This is t 
i tio 
on, _Butif the 
energies in ou 
tal tremor contri a aaial 
fimilar operation is pert formed when w 
on a table, 
t e -equilibri rium. 
a piece 
yenomena. are accounte "for. 
Petia and cryfta 1 zation are 
phenomena o ame kind. @WVhen falts cryftallize, they 
ufually conte marae maki proportions of water. bi 
fame remark applies certain acids ‘which congeal _— 
diluted toa certain degree 3 5 thus, fulphuric acid Is they 
cife Orr: avi ¥y «8 
, 
nacid more or lefs | “idea does not freeze eras 
artially froz 
