GEM 5. 
feund in fome parts of Ital and ibis ance $ yellow jafper, on 
which. there are likewife found fom Eyptian a eee oe 
the red jalp er : Mar fyas flaye dby 
cae and other ee ee have been regu fae pei 
on it. Befides thefe, we and then find ftriped, and eve 
ares ea jafpers a ibe which fometimes a 
pear aa that the Mh tte = the engraving can 
engraving ¢ on this Gin 
an apology for a crriog —- to others area coed 
for the pur po engravers hav em- 
ploy the cere aie er rich beautiful brown and green 
tri 
is Lazuli, or azure -foae, very well me to yield the 
boatel blue colour, called ultramarine. This ftone is the 
fopphir Us she rthem under 
the name of cyanus: it takes a very good polifh, and when 
free of pyrites and quartz, which it is fometimes feen to 
contain in great anak 18 or the purpofe of engrav- 
ing upon, thou its hardnefs is —— 3 whence 
a fi nithed ee s been executed on it 
ne any hi 
ad eng gravings on lapis lazuli are free uentl 
Non ne the Evyptians have ee {mall objects en 
Bie ene fuch as granite and porphyry ; of which 
we poffels fcarabei bearing “hieroglyphic figures. 
A fubftance, which has been employed by fome ancient, 
pone) Egyptian, engravers, is the turquois. is name 
given to fofil teeth h, or other hard bony fubftances, 
which, probably 2 infiltration of a folution of either copper 
have received a beautiful fky-blue colour in the 
bowels of the on It was formerly | 
mation as one of the opaque gems; a 
made between the oriental, or thofe of the old rock, and the 
In this pe the epithet of oriental is properly 
; for thofe of quality certainly come to us 
colour d are 
and other greenifh carbonates of copper, an 
blue ee called Amazone-ftone, being fometimes 
See T'urQUOISE. 
{old 
bn which has in a fee 
vers : $s muc 
Persea oo ve one, or /Magnet, has been frequently made 
of by ancient engravers, efpecially by thoie of Egypt 
The Periian — ile were not feldom 
made of this metallic fubftanc 
Hematite, another oxydcf 1 ey has often been ufed for fea. 
rabei, and int aces bytheEgyptians: thereis, among othe 
a fine horus on. hematite in the = public library at 
g 
n 
> 
importance, and t 
a pias it is enough barely to mention them. 
heinvention, 
or at oe of a prior oe. of the glyptic art, is f{uppofe 
by fome to be due t rom whence it is faid to have 
fo _ its way into ey pe, 
‘nion,. chiefly prey ee on ihe setae that there are fe- 
a engraved gems of confiderable finifh, bearing infcrip- 
tions in Shanferit, and which muft, therefore, have been ex- 
odm 
ecuted at a perio much more remote than any of thofe which 
duced the works of Egyptian art we a inted with. . 
Mr. Rafpe, in fupport of what he has advanced on this fub« 
Indian bas-reliefs found in the grottos of lea. and the 
ifland of Elephanta; as likewife to an emerald in the pof- 
effion of Dr. Wilkins, oa which a lion is engraved with a 
Shanfcrit infcription. But may not the former of thefe 
engravings be modern eae of the Salfetta 
uppofed a 
and Elephanta fculptures ? and, regard to t 
may it not be afked, how came dea can t artift 
ftance on which he “engraved, when the part of The world, 
which alone is fuppofed to produce it, was not difcovered ! ? 
for that it is not the green variety of fapphire which is fome- 
times called oriental emerald, may be inferred from the omiffion 
of this epithet in Mr. afpe’ s account of i er gem. 
f other A sae aoe of the giyptic a ut of a much 
more mod 
e than thofe e-jutt Lerman are fappofed to 
ie : the'Perfepolitan ead cy. 
linders deferve to be m 
s and infcrip- 
tions in Perfepolitan characters. Several of them are figur- 
ed by Montfaucon, Rafpe, and others; they are of calce~ 
dony, ma pls aires jafper, &c. are alfo por- 
traits of Parthian kings, with infcriptions, fome of which 
have been ie ned by Sylveftre de Sacy ; they are on ame- 
li and carnelians. But to return to the Egyptian 
“Phere are far more intaglios to be found among eile 
gems than cameos, and mott of them are in the m of 
fcarabsei. The figur es are generally executed an gia 
ere is a difference 
between the Egyptian and Ae Greco-Egyptian ftyle, (the lat- 
ter is eafily difcoverable where Egyptian fubje€ts are exe- 
cuted by ek mafters,) and the ftyle of imitation at the 
time of Fiadrian. gyptian ftones reprefent the divi- 
nities of the country, and all the figures of reprefentative, 
or de- 
€ 
ymbolical, a hierog! phic writing, either united 
tached. find among the detached hieroglyphics the eye, 
a feveral ae es, the meaning of which is unknown. Amon g 
the fymbolical figures are “hin - lotus, iene race the 
hawk, the crocodile, &c. among t e divinities, 
Ifts, Ofiris, Horus, ae. Topo &e. ae or toge- 
ther, often in a bark made of papyrus, and with various at- 
tributes, fuch as the fiftrum, the (ae &e. It has been 
maintained, that the Egy ptians never engraved canieos, but 
this is am mift aken notion ; for ag ae they are very rare, and 
none of them of High antiquity, we muft confidey as 
cameos the upper part of the (be which ts aca. re- 
lief-work. "The Egyptian engraved gems are not very com- 
inal ee Pp a confiderable number of 
of en 
bably received fon che oe s ‘Che A&thiopians, 
cording to Herodotus, engraved feals: the fae re the ra- 
tionale bore the names of tribes. ‘The Mahometan religion 
does not permit the reprefentation of images; hence, the 
engraved Arabic and 'Turkith ftones: offer nothing but in- 
fcriptions ; we read on them either the name of the 
prietor, or a paflage from the Koran. Miillin 
however, the impreffion of a ftone, on which the writing is 
difpofed in fuch a manner, as to form the-figure of a man on 
otleba ck. We find alfo pieces of glafs, with Arabic and. 
Coptic in{criptions, which were firft miftaken for coin, but 
ed 
