GEM | 
of its meee diameter. This is continued till the oval is of 
fufficient depth, to begin the eyes. See fig. 18. a. 
You may proceed ina longitudinal dire€tion upwards, a 
far as to the middle of the modium on es head, pee 
The 
wards as oF fig. 18, and iia as far as 4, fig. 17. After 
this the tool 3 is changed for a {maller one to mark the soe 
head c, as alfo the modium ; and, in order to avoid the un 
neceflary fhifting oe tools, the fhoulders may be begun pen 
with ‘ e fame too 
e foundation being laid in this fnanner, a narrower tool 
is a which isa little rounded, and whofe fize is rns 
to the length h of the nofe of the portrait ; wit 
form of the nofe, ‘cheeks, on neck are engraved i in fae . 
lines. See letter d, figs. 17 a 
nofe, by which means the noftrils are formed ; with it alfo 
the eyes are fketched, and the principal lecks of hair. (See 
J: figs. 17 and 18.) Lattly, the knobbed tool is ufed to pro- 
duce the rounded tip of the nofe, which is to be brought 
into unifon with the other parts already fetched. 
and 18 
figs. 17 a 
When the figure is fo far executed, Palaces and more c 
ting tools are employed to finifh it ; for which latter oper 
tion oe aad entirely on the {kill ys on artift,. no rules o 
be laid dow 
In orien to give the higheft degree of polifh to the 3 
engraving, boxwood, pewter, or copper tools with moiftened 
tripoli or rotten-flone, and laftly a ae are faftened 
to the mill, and fet in motion in “the fame manner as the 
& with th nem. 
; with- 
can be eae to 
e the ftene ground down by the lapidary. 
It is, therefore, hett tter to proceed flowly and with caution, 
ifk of -P 
which enfures fuccefs, than, by hurrying, run the 
lofing hai ‘boat and of deftr roying the ftone. 
On examining this head of Jupiter Serapis, which is not 
a work of great merit, it will be feen that the engraver 
has been obliged to trace at the left fide of the head a lock 
of hair of greater breadth than appears neceffary for juit pro- 
portion ; the reafon for doing fo was, that without it he could 
not well have Fnulhied the {mall parts, fuch as the oie the 
nofe, mouth, &c. 3 whereas, having procured more room by 
this excavation, he found hace nabled to enter as the 
fmaller tools, and to finifh his engraving according to the 
fhare of {kill he poffeffed. 
Gems, Imprejfions of. pag TarPRESSIONS. 
- GEMAAGIDID, or Deteumutu, in rae a 
town of Morocco; 40 ae: S. W. of Mor 
After this a {mall tool is eae to crofs the top of the et 
A comme 
(See g; 
th 
nodel the heal i in: 
os ay; for 
GEM 
Te See _ 
EM 
The rabbins call the Pentateuch, Gaels, the law. e 
firft part of the Talmud, whi rae only an explication of the 
law, or ana heen thereof to particular rt with the 
decifions of the ancient rabbins fon ieee he Mifchna 
i. e. fecond law ; and the fecond part “whic is : more exten- 
five and ample explication of the fame law, and a colleétion 
of pr oee of the rabbins pofterior to the Mifchna, they 
ara, g.d. perfe&tion, completion, finifhing ; be- 
caufe ae efteem it ‘ie finifhing of the law, or an explica- 
tion, beyond-which there is not fe farther to be defired. 
The Gemara is ed 7 na el Talmud, the com- 
mon name of the whole s-fenfe we fay, there 
are two reper or T'a in me 3 a of Jerufalem, and that 
mas, or the matter of ad ee are_ 
an explication of ‘fe writings of thofe autho 
ntary, M. Tillemont chee was wrote on 
e en s it is generally be- 
lieved that the Mifchna was not written till towards the clofe 
of the fecond century, the Gemara muft have been compiled 
at a later period. Accordingly this Gemara is {uppofed to 
have been the production of fome period between the years 
Indeed, the Jews themfelves confefs that the 
ifchna about 
WW he fifth, or 
beginning of the fixth century. \ obferves, in his 
preface to his “ Bibliotheca Hebrza,”’ ) that the 
Jews affirm the Mile na ve been written 316 years 
See 
wherein mention is made o 
written till the time of Heraclius, or about, the year 6203 
and this is what is called the Gemara, or Talmud of Jeru- 
efile, which the Jews do not ufe or efteeém much, becaufe 
its ob{curi ys 
y feta much ee value on the Gemara, or mane d 
of Palen ae by one Afa; difcontinued for feventy- 
three years, on occafion ‘of the wars with the Saracens and 
erfians ; — finifhed by one _ about the clofe of the 
eventh cen See T'a : 
Though then name Talmud, in ss latitude, includes both 
the Mifchna and the two Gemaras ; 3 yet it is properly that 
of Afa and Jofa, alone, which is meant under t ame, ° 
This the Jews prize above all their other writings, and even 
fet it on a level with fcripture itfelf; in effect, they conceive 
it as the word of God, derived by tradition from Mofes, an 
preferved, without ee to ae time. . Je 
and afterwards Dy. R. Afa, and R. Jofa, 
olleéted them into ne “Mifchna, and the Gemara. See 
Caraites and RaBBINISTS. 
RIA, or Gascarnia the firft sie of artificial. 
_ cabbala ufed by the Jews . 
The — 
