PENNSYLVANIAN TIPIT. 173 



Brehm remarks, in liis notice of tlie egg in Biideker's 

 ■work, that it dwells in Nortli America, in the inner 

 half of the Polar circle, especially Greenland, travelling 

 southward in the autumn, and sometimes wandering 

 into Europe. It breeds in the high latitude above 

 mentioned, forming a nest of moss, hair, and straw, 

 lined with dry grass, stalks, or hair. It lays five or 

 six eggs, which are very similar to those of the Meadow 

 Pipit, though the spots are generally so indistinct, that 

 they appear to be unicolorous grey, brown, or brownish 

 red. They are sometimes found of a lighter colour, 

 with markings displayed at wide intervals singly, and 

 shining through a grey or bluish white ground. Some 

 are marked with blackish brown hair streaks. The 

 Polar Pipit has, like the Water and Rock Pipit, a 

 double moult, but with the latter, it does not always 

 put on the breeding plumage, retaining through the 

 breeding season its autumnal dress. 



The male and female have the upper parts of the body 

 olive brown, the head, nape, and back, having a slightly 

 mottled appearance; primaries brown; the secondaries 

 and long tertials darker, and edged with light grey, 

 forming two bands across the wing. Tail slightly emar- 

 ginate, the tv*-o upper feathers olive brown, the others 

 dark black brown, except the outer ones on each side, 

 which arc white, with half of the inner web dark brown; 

 the second feather on each side slightly tipped with 

 white on the outer v/eb. The chin and superciliary 

 ridge pale yellowish white, tinged with rufous; neck, 

 crop, and flanks thickly covered with longitudinal brown 

 spots, on a rusty white ground; abdomen and under 

 tail coverts yellowish white, having a rusty tinge. Upper 

 mandible, tarsi, and feet purplish brown; the lower 



