Mr. Drew on the Alluvial Records of the Upper Indus Basin. 459 



consideration the ice, during its increase, carried forward, from 

 south to north, a great quantity of rocky material. There are no 

 signs in the district of the occurrence of mild periods during the 

 epoch of primary glaciation ; but the author thought that the climate 

 had probably become moderate before the great submergence of the 

 land commenced. The author noticed the effect of the submergence 

 upon the results of previous glacial action, and maintained that when 

 the land had sunk 800 or 900 feet there was a recurrence of cold, 

 and boulders were transported by floating ice. Until the submer- 

 gence reached 1500 feet there was no direct communication between 

 the northern and southern halves of the Lake- district, except by the 

 Straits of Dunmail Raise. From the directions which would be 

 taken by the currents in the sea at this peried, it would appear that 

 boulders may then have been transported by floating ice in some of 

 the same directions as they had previously been carried by glacier- 

 ice. The extreme of submergence appeared to have been about 2000 

 feet. The author further maintained that on the reelevation of the 

 district there was a second land-glaciation, affecting the higher 

 valleys and clearing them of marine drift. 



2. " Alluvial and Lacustrine Deposits and Alluvial Records of the 

 Upper Indus Basin." By Frederic Drew, Esq., F.GS. 



First stating that the alluvium of that country had been noticed 

 by several travellers, especially by Major Godwin-Austen, who had 

 given much important information about them, the author said that 

 he felt the necessity for a careful classification of the phenomena of 

 alluvial deposits ; for the want of recognition of the different kinds 

 was likely to lead to incorrect deductions ; the classification he pro- 

 posed was the following : — 



I. Loosened material, which consisted of disjointed rocks or loose 

 angular stones, sometimes mixed up with mud, which had been sepa- 

 rated and disintegrated, but since that had remained unmoved. 



II. Taluses, the substance of which had fallen by its own weight, 

 and not been transported by streams. These were the great heaps 

 of angular matter that were found at the foot of cliffs, with a slope 

 generally of near 35°. A special form was the fan talus, which 

 occurred where the falling matter had either originated from, or 

 collected to, one spot, from which again it spread, and made a partial 

 cone of the same slope as the ordinary taluses. 



III. Alluvial Fans. — These were the fan-shaped extensions of 

 alluvial or torrential matter that spread out from the mouths of 

 gorges, where these debouched into a more open valley. They were 

 in form cones of a low angle, commonly 5° or so ; they had accumu- 

 lated by layer after layer on a cone-shaped surface, as shown by the 

 radial sections exhibiting layers of a straight slope, and the chord 

 sections showing curves, which were by the theory hyperbolas. 

 Many complicated phenomena were produced by the denudation of 

 these fans, and the production of secondary ones, some of which 

 were illustrated by diagrams. 



IY. Alluvium, which was defined as a deposit which sloped down 



