TRADE RESTRICTIONS. 687 



making offerings of food, beer, etc. When undergoing the ordeal, 

 they hold up their hands to the Ruler of Heaven, as if appealing 

 to him to assert their innocence. When they escape, or recover 

 from sickness, or are delivered from any danger, they offer a sacri- 

 fice of a fowl or a sheep, pouring out the blood as a libation to the 

 soul of some departed relative. They believe in the transmigra- 

 tion of souls, and also that while persons are still living they may 

 enter into lions and alligators, and then return again to their own 

 bodies. 



While still at Tete the son of Monomotapa paid the command- 

 ant a visit. He is named Mozungo, or "White Man," has a nar- 

 row tapering head, and probably none of the ability or energy his 

 father possessed. He was the favorite of his father, who hoped 

 that he would occupy his place. A strong party, however, in the 

 tribe placed Katalosa in the chieftainship, and the son became, as 

 they say, a child of this man. The Portuguese have repeatedly 

 received offers of territory if they would only attend the inter- 

 ment of the departed chief with troops, fire off many rounds of 

 cartridges over the grave, and then give eclat to the installment 

 of the new chief. Their presence would probably influence the 

 election, for many would vote on the side of power, and a candi- 

 date might feel it worth while to grant a good piece of land, if 

 thereby he could secure the chieftainship to himself. When the 

 Portuguese traders wish to pass into the country beyond Katalo- 

 sa, they present him with about thirty-two yards of calico and 

 some other goods, and he then gives them leave to pass in what- 

 ever direction they choose to go. They must, however, give cer- 

 tain quantities of cloth to a number of inferior chiefs beside, and 

 they are subject to the game-laws. They have thus a body of ex- 

 clusive tribes around them, preventing direct intercourse between 

 them and the population beyond. It is strange that, when they 

 had the power, they did not insist on the free navigation of the 

 Zambesi. I can only account for this in the same way in which 

 I accounted for a similar state of things in the west. All the 

 traders have been in the hands of slaves, and have wanted that 

 moral courage which a free man, with free servants on whom he 

 can depend, usually possesses. If the English had been here, 

 they would have insisted on the free navigation of this pathway 

 as an indispensable condition of friendship. The present system 



