﻿THE 
  

   LONDON, 
  EDINBURGH, 
  and 
  DUBLIN 
  

  

  PHILOSOPHICAL 
  MAGAZINE 
  

  

  AND 
  

  

  JOURNAL 
  OF 
  SCIENCE. 
  

  

  CONDUCTED 
  BY 
  

  

  LORD 
  KELVIN, 
  LL.D. 
  F.R.S. 
  &c. 
  

   GEORGE 
  FRANCIS 
  FITZGERALD, 
  M.A. 
  Sc.D. 
  F.R.S. 
  

  

  AND 
  

  

  WILLIAM 
  FRANCIS, 
  Ph.D. 
  F.L.S. 
  F.R.A.S. 
  F.C.S. 
  

  

  " 
  Nee 
  aranearum 
  sane 
  textus 
  ideo 
  melior 
  quia 
  ex 
  se 
  fila 
  gignunt, 
  uec 
  noster 
  

   vilior 
  quia 
  ex 
  alienis 
  libaraus 
  ut 
  apes." 
  Just. 
  Lips. 
  Polii. 
  lib. 
  i. 
  cap. 
  1 
  . 
  Not. 
  

  

  VOL. 
  XLV.— 
  FIFTH 
  SERIES. 
  

   JANUARY— 
  JUNE 
  1898. 
  

  

  LONDON: 
  

   TAYLOR 
  AND 
  FRANCIS, 
  RED 
  LION 
  COURT, 
  FLEET 
  STREET. 
  

  

  SOLD 
  BY 
  SIMPKIN, 
  MARSHALL, 
  HAMILTON, 
  KENT, 
  AND 
  CO., 
  LD.; 
  WITITTAKER 
  AND 
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  AND 
  BY 
  ADAM 
  AND 
  CHARLES 
  BLACK; 
  T. 
  AND 
  T.CLARK, 
  EDINBURGH 
  ; 
  

  

  SMITH 
  AND 
  SON, 
  GLASGOW; 
  — 
  HODGES, 
  FIGGIS, 
  AND 
  CO 
  , 
  DUBLIN; 
  

  

  PUTNAM, 
  NEW 
  YORK;-- 
  VEUVE 
  J. 
  BOYVEAU, 
  PARIS; 
  — 
  

   AND 
  ASHER 
  AND 
  CO., 
  BERLIN. 
  

  

  