﻿Properties 
  of 
  Newly 
  Prepared 
  Gases. 
  129 
  

  

  [or 
  1] 
  are 
  connected 
  to 
  the 
  insulated 
  quadrants 
  ; 
  w 
  is 
  the 
  

   calculated 
  weight 
  of 
  the 
  moisture 
  necessary 
  to 
  saturate 
  the 
  

   volume 
  of 
  gas 
  v 
  at 
  temperature 
  6 
  which 
  passes 
  through 
  F 
  in 
  

  

  the 
  course 
  of 
  the 
  experiment, 
  the 
  weight 
  of 
  the 
  cloud 
  

  

  per 
  c.c, 
  and 
  p 
  the 
  charge 
  per 
  c.c. 
  on 
  the 
  gas. 
  The 
  volume 
  v 
  

  

  is 
  easily 
  calculated, 
  as 
  the 
  gas 
  is 
  evolved 
  by 
  a 
  known 
  current. 
  

  

  Table 
  I. 
  gives 
  the 
  results 
  obtained 
  with 
  positive 
  oxygen. 
  

  

  In 
  each 
  experiment 
  a 
  current 
  of 
  14 
  amperes 
  was 
  

  

  used, 
  and 
  the 
  stream 
  of 
  the 
  evolved 
  gas 
  passed 
  through 
  

  

  F 
  for 
  20 
  minutes. 
  

  

  Table 
  II. 
  gives 
  similar 
  results 
  for 
  positively 
  -charged 
  

  

  hydrogen. 
  

  

  Table 
  III. 
  refers 
  to 
  negatively-charged 
  oxygen 
  from 
  a 
  

  

  caustic 
  potash 
  cell, 
  the 
  stream 
  of 
  gas 
  being 
  passed 
  

  

  through 
  F 
  for 
  15 
  minutes 
  in 
  each 
  experiment. 
  

  

  The 
  experiments 
  were 
  performed 
  with 
  widely 
  different 
  

  

  densities 
  of 
  electrification 
  p, 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  find 
  how 
  the 
  weight 
  

  

  of 
  the 
  cloud 
  varied 
  with 
  the 
  electrification. 
  The 
  ratio 
  of 
  the 
  

  

  W 
  — 
  to 
  

  

  weight 
  of 
  the 
  cloud 
  to 
  the 
  electrification, 
  , 
  is 
  given 
  in 
  

  

  the 
  last 
  column 
  for 
  each 
  experiment. 
  The 
  variations 
  in 
  p 
  were 
  

   obtained 
  by 
  varying 
  the 
  temperature 
  of 
  the 
  cell 
  from 
  which 
  

   the 
  gas 
  was 
  given 
  off. 
  Both 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  a 
  sulphuric-acid 
  

   electrolyte 
  and 
  a 
  caustic-potash 
  electrolyte 
  the 
  charge 
  on 
  the 
  

   gas 
  which 
  is 
  evolved 
  by 
  a 
  given 
  current 
  increases 
  as 
  the 
  

   temperature 
  of 
  the 
  electrolyte 
  is 
  raised. 
  

  

  4. 
  The 
  numbers 
  given 
  in 
  the 
  tables 
  show 
  that 
  in 
  each 
  case 
  

   the 
  weight 
  of 
  the 
  cloud 
  is 
  proportional 
  to 
  the 
  charge, 
  and 
  that 
  

   this 
  proportionality 
  does 
  not 
  vary 
  with 
  the 
  temperature 
  of 
  the 
  

   water 
  from 
  which 
  the 
  cloud 
  is 
  formed, 
  at 
  least 
  within 
  the 
  limits 
  

   of 
  0° 
  and 
  14° 
  C. 
  The 
  ratio 
  is 
  not 
  so 
  exact 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  the 
  

   negative 
  oxygen 
  as 
  it 
  is 
  for 
  the 
  other 
  gases. 
  The 
  only 
  

   chemical 
  difference 
  that 
  was 
  detected 
  was 
  that 
  the 
  former 
  was 
  

   alkaline 
  and 
  the 
  latter 
  slightly 
  acid 
  in 
  its 
  reaction. 
  Since 
  

   the 
  vapour 
  rising 
  from 
  hot 
  caustic 
  potash 
  does 
  not 
  change 
  red 
  

   litmus 
  to 
  blue, 
  the 
  alkalinity 
  of 
  the 
  gas 
  must 
  be 
  due 
  to 
  small 
  

   particles 
  of 
  caustic 
  potash 
  which 
  are 
  carried 
  with 
  the 
  gas 
  from 
  

   the 
  electrolyte 
  and 
  give 
  it 
  an 
  alkaline 
  reaction 
  even 
  after 
  

   bubbling 
  through 
  sulphuric 
  acid 
  ; 
  this 
  could 
  easily 
  be 
  

   detected 
  at 
  all 
  temperatures 
  of 
  the 
  cell 
  by 
  letting 
  the 
  oxygen 
  

   or 
  hydrogen 
  pass 
  along 
  a 
  tube 
  with 
  red 
  litmus. 
  

  

  The 
  oxygen 
  given 
  off 
  by 
  the 
  electrolysis 
  of 
  caustic 
  potash 
  

   has 
  no 
  appreciable 
  charge 
  till 
  the 
  temperature 
  of 
  the 
  cell 
  is 
  up 
  

   to 
  about 
  20° 
  C, 
  and 
  the 
  cloud 
  begins 
  to 
  appear 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  

   time 
  as 
  the 
  charge 
  on 
  the 
  gas 
  ; 
  so 
  that 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  the 
  

  

  