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XIX. On the Liquefaction of Gases. 

 By Prof. Dr. Charles Olszewski*. 



MY researches concerning the liquefaction of gases, with 

 which I have been occupied ever since the year 1883, 

 have been published in various scientific periodicals in the 

 Polish, French, and German languages, viz., in the publica- 

 tions of the Academy of Sciences of Cracow (in Polish), in 

 the Bulletin International of the same Academy (in French 

 and German), in the Annals of the Academy of Sciences of 

 Vienna, and in Wiedemann's Annalen der Physik und 

 Chemie and in his Beiblatter, as well as in the Comptes 

 Rendus. Though I suppose that my labours are sufficiently 

 known to the scientific world, yet there are motives which 

 lead me to ask the Editors of the Philosophical Magazine to 

 insert the following summary of the more important results 

 of my experiments. 



Firstly, because my researches appeared irregularly in 

 different scientific papers, as they proceeded ; such as wished 

 to become acquainted with them being obliged to look them 

 up in all the papers I have mentioned. Secondly, because of 

 the experiments and public lectures of Prof. James Dewar, 

 concerning the liquefaction of large quantities of oxygen and 

 air. In several cases Prof. Dewar merely repeated my ex- 

 periments : for instance, as regards the absorption spectrum 

 and the colour of liquefied oxygen. In these cases he con- 

 firmed the observations I have made, and mentioned the 

 results of my work in the manner usually received in the 

 scientific world. But in his last experiments and lectures 

 respecting the liquefaction of considerable quantities of oxygen 

 and air and their employment as cooling agents, Prof. Dewar 

 has thought fit not to make any mention of my labours in the 

 same field, which had been published several years before 

 Prof. Dewar went over them again. In the number for June 

 1890 of the Bulletin International de V Academie de Cracovie, 

 I have described an apparatus serving to liquefy a greater 

 quantity of oxygen or air in a steel cylinder, from which it 

 can be poured out into an open glass vessel, and used as a 

 frigorific agent. It is entitled " K. Olszewski. Transvase- 

 ment de foxy gene liquide ; " and a brief report on the subject 

 is contained in the Beiblatter of Wiedemann, vol. xv. p. 29, 

 under the title " K. Olszewski. Ueber das Giessen des fliissigen 

 SauerstofTs.'"' That my labours should have thus been passed 



* Communicated by the Author, 



