Notices respecting New Boohs. 383 



1. Weybourn crag and Chillesford clay. Marine deposits with 



pronounced arctic fauna. 



2. Forest-bed of Cromer. Temperate flora ; ElepJias meridi- 



onaliSf E. antiquus, Rhinoceros Etruscus, Hippopotamus, &c. 



3. Lower Boulder-clays and associated fluvio-glacial deposits. 



Ground-moraines (? )*, &c, of most extensive ice-sheet. 



4. Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial accumulations ; basin of 



Moray Eirth ; basin of Irish Sea ; Lanarkshire ; Ayrshire ; 

 Edinburghshire, &c. ; Hessle gravels ; Sussex beach-de- 

 posits, &c. ; Settle Cave, &c. 



5. Upper Boulder-clay and associated fluvio-glacial deposits. 



Ground-moraine (?) of ice-sheet which extended south to 

 the Midlands of England. 



6. Ereshwater alluvia underlying oldest peat-bogs ; probably a 



considerable proportion of our so-called " post-glacial " 

 alluvia. Temperate flora and fauna ; Irish deer, red deer, 

 Bos primigenius, &c. 



7. Boulder-clays and terminal moraines of mountain-regions. 



The 100-feet beach of Scotland ; arctic-plant beds. Moraine 

 accumulations of district- and large valley-glaciers ; arctic 

 marine fauna; snow-line at 1000 to 1600 feet ; arctic flora. 



8. Lower buried forest. Temperate flora and fauna. 



9. Peat overlying the " lower buried forest ; " Carse-clay and 



raised beaches ; valley-moraines ; corrie-moraines. 



10. Upper buried forest. Temperate flora and fauna. 



11. Peat overlying " upper buried forest ; " low-level raised 



beaches ; high-level valley- and corrie-moraines. Small 

 glaciers in the most elevated regions; snow-line at 3500 

 feet. 



The contemporary European formations for each of the eleven 

 above-mentioned epochs follow at pages 614 and 615. 



In arriving at his conclusions as to the succession of the 

 " Glacial " deposits, and as to the conditions under which they were 

 probably formed, the Author has evidently been specially influenced 

 by his belief that the main agents have been enormous " ice- 

 sheets " and their supposititious " ground moraines," of great 

 thickness and consistency ; and not separate glaciers, icebergs, 

 ice-floes, and coast-ice, making and distributing mud and sand with 

 gravel and boulders, and helping to make up the full score of 

 striae. Eor the changes of climate accounting for the coming and 

 going of the seemingly probable arctic and temperate conditions, 

 indicated by the glacial and non-glacial phenomena, the Author 

 favours the astronomical (Croll and Ball) hypothesis. 



Prof. Geikie argues assiduously and plausibly on all these 

 points, without allowing full weight to published objections. An 

 ideal moraine profonde, such as would suit a widely continuous and 

 thick "boulder-clay/' would far exceed the limited dimensions 



* See above, p. 381, for some remarks on the moraines prof ondes, sup- 

 posititious as far as the great boulder-clays are concerned, 



