1870.] Archaeology. 91 



much fissured and dislocated, and dipping to the west, but towards 

 the southern extremity the beds become nearly vertical. 



As is well known, caves constitute a prevailing feature of lime- 

 stone rocks in all parts of the world, and in no place are they more 

 numerous within a similar compass than in the promontory of 

 Gibraltar, which has, in fact, on that account sometimes been 

 termed the ' Hill of Caves.' 



The caves are of two kinds. 1. Littoral or sea-caves, scooped 

 out horizontally by the waves at the sea-level ; of which kind 

 there are numerous instances all along the base of the eastern face ; 

 successive terraces, one above another, are also visible on the same 

 face, each furnished with its line of sea-caves, exactly like those at 

 present at the level of the water. It would seem, however, that 

 most, if not all, of these caves owe their origin to their being 

 situated in the line of a fissure or fracture of the rock of which the 

 sea has taken advantage to begin its scooping action. 2. Inland 

 caves, which do not exhibit any appearance of marine erosion, but 

 may be described as ramified and intersecting fissures, descending 

 more or less vertically to great depths, and enlarged by the action 

 of rain-water charged with carbonic acid. 



The principal littoral or sea- caves are : — 



1 Martin's ' and ' Fig-tree ' caves, 700 feet above the sea, in the 

 eastern face of the rock below ' O'Hara's Tower ; some caves just 

 above the blown sands in Catalan Bay ; ' Monkey Cave,' 100 feet 

 above the sea ; ' Beefsteak Cave,' in the cliff below Europa 

 plateau ; ' Genista Cave,' No. 4, 40 feet below the top of the 

 eastern cliff of Windmill Hill plateau ; ' Poca Koca Cave,' in the 

 western face of the northern end of the rock ; besides many smaller 

 caves in the eastern face. 



The principal fissure-caves are : — 



The famed ' St. Michael's Cave,' opening to the west, situated 

 in the southern portion of the rock, at an elevation of 1100 feet 

 above the sea ; the ' Genista Caves,' Nos. 1, 2, and 3, all situated 

 in the Windmill Hill plateau, where there is also a deep ossiferous 

 fissure. 



The four Genista Caves, Martin's Cave, St. Michael's Cave, and 

 some others, have yielded evidences of early man, in the form of 

 osseous remains associated with flint knives and flakes, stone axes, 

 polished and chipped; worked bones, serving as skewers, arrow- 

 heads, needles, and gouges ; anklets or armlets of shell, hand-made 

 pottery, querns, rubbing-stones, and charcoal. With these were 

 found remains of numerous animals,* including : — Rhinoceros 



* [Those marked thus§, are abundant; and thus§§, very abundant.] A single 

 molar of Eleplms ardiquus "was obtained many years since by the late Mr. James 

 Smitb, of Jordan Hill, iu an old sea-beach (now demolished) at Europa Point, 

 the southern extremity of the rock. 



