198 The Metallurgical Industry of Cleveland. [April, 



portions that every other district is completely overshadowed by it. 

 But although iron-smelting is the staple industry of Cleveland, it is 

 not the only one. The manufacture of malleable iron is carried on 

 to an immense extent throughout the district with great skill and 

 energy, and it has called into requisition some 1400 or 1500 pud- 

 dling furnaces, possibly even more : and some of those furnaces are 

 amongst the most economically effective appliances known to the 

 metallurgist. In some of these the consumption of coal per ton of 

 puddled bar has been reduced from 25 to 15 cwt. It was in Cleve- 

 land, likewise, that works were first erected by Messrs. B. Samuelson 

 and Co. for the practical application of the Siemens-Martin process 

 of manufacturing steel ; and the experiments made by that firm at 

 the Newport Works would seem to indicate that there is a great 

 degree of probability that steel ingots for rails may yet be made at 

 a price little exceeding that of puddled bar. This is not the place 

 to enlarge upon the fact, but it may be stated that in the Cleveland 

 iron trade two great social problems have been solved, namely, — 1. 

 The prevention of strikes and lock-outs, by the establishment of the 

 Board of Arbitration and Conciliation ; and, 2. The possibility of 

 the co-operative system being carried out in a large iron-making 

 establishment, — the employes participating with the capitalists in the 

 division of the net profits of the business. This system has been in 

 operation during three years at the works of Messrs. Fox, Head, 

 and Co., and it has just been resolved to continue the arrangement 

 for the next five years. 



Great scientific and industrial results have been accomplished 

 by Cleveland already, but it is not too much to expect that she has 

 in store .other equally great, if not even greater, triumphs for the 

 historian to record. 



The production of rails in Cleveland is at the present time not 

 far short of 750,000 tons, and probably three-fourths of all the iron- 

 plates used in shipbuilding are made from Cleveland iron. 



The readers of this Journal will recollect that brine-springs 

 have been found under the town of Middlesbrough ; and there is 

 every likelihood of the manufacture of salt being added before long 

 to the other industries of Cleveland. 



Publications and authorities referred to in the foregoing ar- 

 ticle : — 



1. Proceedings of the South Wales Institute of Engineers. Vol. VI., 



No. 5. August, 1869. 



2. Proceedings of the Cleveland Institution of Engineers. No- 



vember, 1869. 



3. Iron and Coal Trades' Beview. (Article — " The Industrial 



Features of Cleveland.") 15th September, 1869. 



