1870.] The Metallurgical Industry of Cleveland. 199 



4. Transactions of the Cleveland Literary and Philosophical So- 



ciety — Science Section. Vol. I., 1868-69. 



5. "Ou Our Foreign Competitors in the Iron Trade : " A Paper 



read to the North of England Ironmasters, by I. Lowthian 

 Bell. 29th September, 1868. 



6. " The Chemistry of the Blast Furnace : " A Lecture delivered to 



the Chemical Society of London, by I. Lowthian Bell. 

 1869. 



7. Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute. Session 1869. 



8. The Industries of the Tyne, Wear, and Tees. 2nd edition. 



Longmans. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE XYLOGRAPHIC PLATES.* 



I. — First Age of Iron-making. — A pen-and-ink sketch, made by Captain Grant, 

 who accompanied Speke to Lake Nyanza. It represents native Africans 

 making malleable iron direct from the ore. The ore is placed in the low 

 charcoal fire, and a man on each side urges it by means of bellows (two 

 single-acting — that is, four single-acting in all), so as to keep up a con- 

 tinuous blast. 



II. — Second Age of Iron-making. — Illustrated by the blast furnace at Mariedam, 

 in Sweden, where the low hearth has passed through the intermediate 

 stage of the blonofen, and arrived at the high or true blast furnace for the 

 manufacture of pig-iron. Height, about 40 feet ; built of rough stones 

 bound together by logs of timber painted red; using charcoal, and 

 making from thirty to forty tons per week during four or five months in 

 the year. 



III. — Third or Cleveland Age of Iron-making. — Illustrated by the Wear 

 Furnace at Washington, co. Durham. This furnace makes about 330 to 

 350 tons of iron per week from coke made on the spot, the heat from the 

 coke ovens being used for heating the blast. The furnace gases are also 

 partially used for this purpose, for raising steam for the blast engine, and 

 for boiling down certain solutions in the adjoining chemical works. The 

 exhaust steam from the engines heats up a large quantity of water 

 required in the chemical works. The ore smelted is the Cleveland stone, 

 with a small quantity of residual oxide of iron from the chemical works, 

 nothing being wasted. 



IV. — Death of an Ironworks. — This sketch represents two furnaces, built on a 

 landslip, on the Yorkshire coast. After the works were finished, the .land 

 slipped a little further, and reduced the place to a ruin within two 

 months. The owners, nothing daunted, rebuilt the works, and a second 

 ruin resulted from the total absence of ordinary judgment shown in 

 building on such a site. 



* The photographs for these plates have been kindly contributed by 

 I. Lowthian Bell, Esq. 



p 2 



